Novel promoter sequences and methods thereof for enhanced protein production in bacillus cells

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is generally related to novel promoter sequences and methods thereof for enhanced protein production in Bacillus sp. (host) cells. As set forth herein, the novel promoter sequences of the disclosure, when operably linked to a gene or open reading frame encoding a protein of interest, are particularly well suited for use in large scale production of industrially relevant proteins.

FIELD

The present disclosure is generally related to the fields of bacteriology, microbiology, molecular biology, genetics, enzymology, industrial protein production and the like. More particularly, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to novel promoter sequences and methods thereof for obtaining enhanced protein production phenotypes in Bacillus sp. (host) cells. As set forth herein, the novel promoter sequences of the disclosure, when operably linked to a gene (or open reading frame) encoding a protein of interest, are particularly well suited for use in large scale production of industrially relevant proteins.

CROSS REFERENCE TO REPLATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/772,363, filed Nov. 28, 2018, which is incorporated herein by referenced in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

The contents of the electronic submission of the text file Sequence Listing, named “NB41318-WO-PCT_SequenceListing.txt” was created on Nov. 21, 2019 and is 176 KB in size, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens and the like are frequently used as microbial factories for the production of industrial relevant proteins, due to their excellent fermentation properties and high yields (e.g., up to 25 grams per liter culture; Van Dijl and Hecker, 2013). For example, B. subtilis is well known for its production of α-amylases (Jensen et al., 2000; Raul et al., 2014) and proteases (Brode et al., 1996) necessary for food, textile, laundry, medical/dental instrument (cleaning), membrane (cleaning), pharmaceutical industries and the like (Westers et al., 2004). Because these non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria produce proteins that completely lack toxic by-products (e.g., lipopolysaccharides; LPS, also known as endotoxins) they have obtained the “Qualified Presumption of Safety” (QPS) status of the European Food Safety Authority, and many of their products gained a “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS) status from the US Food and Drug Administration (Olempska-Beer et al., 2006; Earl et al., 2008; Caspers et al., 2010).

Thus, the production of proteins (e.g., enzymes, antibodies, receptors, peptides, etc.) in microbial host cells is of particular interest in the biotechnological arts. Likewise, the optimization of host cells for the production and/or secretion of one or more protein(s) of interest is of high relevance, particularly in the industrial biotechnology setting, wherein small improvements in protein yield are quite significant when the protein is produced in large industrial quantities. More particularly, B. licheniformis and B. subtilis are exemplary Bacillus sp. (host) cells of high industrial importance, and as such, the ability to genetically modify and engineer such host cells for enhanced/increased protein expression/production is highly desirable for construction of new and improved Bacillus sp. production strains.

For example, the recombinant production of a protein of interest (e.g., an enzyme) encoded by a gene (or open reading frame; ORF) is generally accomplished by constructing expression cassettes (i.e., constructs/vectors/cassettes suitable for use in a given host cell) in which the polynucleotide (sequence) coding for the protein of interest is placed downstream (3′) and operably linked to a promoter (nucleic acid) sequence. Thus, the promoter sequence is placed upstream (5′) and operably linked to a gene (or ORF) which is downstream (3′) of the promoter sequence (i.e., in operable combination).

Likewise, expression cassettes are introduced into host cells by various techniques (e.g., transformation), wherein the expression/production of the desired protein of interest (POI) may be achieved by cultivating the (transformed) host cell under suitable conditions necessary for the expression/production of the POI. For example, International PCT Publication No. WO2013/086219, generally discloses promoters, expression vectors, microorganisms, and methods for the production of polynucleotides coding for proteins of interest comprising ribosomal promoters derived from B. subtilis.

While numerous promoters for use in the expression of genes in host cells are generally known, there remain ongoing and unmet needs in the art for novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences. More particularly, such ongoing and unmet needs include, but are not limited to, the identification of novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences, enhanced promoter functionalities thereof, increased promoter activities thereof, enhanced protein production phenotypes and the like. As presented, described and exemplified hereinafter, the instant disclosure is related to such highly desirable and unmet needs of obtaining novel promoter sequences and constructing Bacillus sp. host cells thereof (e.g., protein production (host) cells, cell factories) comprising enhanced protein production phenotypes and the like.

SUMMARY

The instant disclosure is generally related to compositions and methods for producing and constructing Bacillus sp. cells (e.g., protein production host cells, cell factories) having increased protein production phenotypes, and the like. More particularly, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences, expression cassettes comprising such novel promoters and modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cells thereof comprising enhanced protein productivity phenotypes.

Thus, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related promoter nucleic acid sequences. In certain embodiments, a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39 and comprising at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In other embodiments, a promoter nucleic acid sequence of the disclosure comprises at least two mutations selected from the group consisting a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In other embodiments, a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprises at least three mutations selected from the group consisting a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In certain other embodiments, a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprises at least four mutations comprising a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In other embodiments, a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 40. In other embodiments, a promoter nucleic acid sequence of the disclosure comprises a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI) positioned downstream (3′) and operably linked to the promoter. In certain embodiments, protein of interest (POI) is an enzyme. In other embodiments, the enzyme is a hydrolase. In yet other embodiments, the promoter sequence comprises one or more nucleotides upstream (5′) and operably linked thereto. In certain embodiments, the promoter sequence is operably linked to a (3′) downstream native aprE 5′-UTR sequence, or a modified aprE 5′-UTR sequence thereof. In certain embodiments, the native aprE 5′-UTR sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 85.

Thus, certain other embodiments of the disclosure are related are a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 58 or SEQ ID NO: 59. In particular embodiments, a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 58 or SEQ ID NO: 59 further comprises a gene or ORF encoding a protein of interest (POI) positioned (3′) downstream and operably linked to the promoter. In certain embodiments, the POI is an enzyme. In other embodiments, the enzyme is a hydrolase. In another embodiment, a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 58 or SEQ ID NO: 59 further comprises one or more nucleotides upstream (5′) and operably linked thereto. In another embodiment, a promoter nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 58 or SEQ ID NO: 59 is operably linked to a (3′) downstream native aprE 5′-UTR sequence, or a modified aprE 5′-UTR sequence thereof. In another embodiment, the native aprE 5′-UTR sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 85.

Certain other embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with SEQ ID NO: 60, wherein the polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes comprises at least one mutation at nucleotide position selected from 30, 89, 90 or 91, relative to equivalent nucleotide positions 30, 89, 90 or 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions comprises SEQ ID NO: 40. In another embodiment, a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions comprises SEQ ID NO: 58. In other embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions comprises SEQ ID NO: 59. In certain other embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with SEQ ID NO: 60 further comprises a gene or ORF encoding a protein of interest (POI) positioned downstream (3′) and operably linked to the promoter. In certain embodiments, the POI is an enzyme. In other embodiments, the enzyme is a hydrolase. In other embodiments, the polynucleotide further comprises one or more nucleotides upstream (5′) and operably linked thereto. In certain other embodiments, a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with SEQ ID NO: 60 is operably linked to a (3′) downstream native aprE 5′-UTR sequence, or a modified aprE 5′-UTR sequence thereof. In particular embodiments, a native aprE 5′-UTR sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 85.

Thus, certain other embodiments are related to genetically modified Bacillus sp. cells comprising a novel promoter sequence disclosed herein. Certain other embodiments are related to genetically modified Bacillus sp. cells comprising a novel polynucleotide sequence disclosed herein. Other embodiments relate to an expression cassette comprising a novel promoter of the disclosure, or an expression cassette comprising a novel polynucleotide of the disclosure. Yet other embodiments relate to modified Bacillus sp. cells comprising an expression cassette of the disclosure.

Thus, certain other embodiments are related to a mutant B. subtilis cell comprising a promoter nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with SEQ ID NO: 60, wherein the mutant promoter sequence comprises at least one mutation at nucleotide position selected from 30, 89, 90 or 91, relative to equivalent nucleotide positions 30, 89, 90 or 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39.

In other embodiments, the disclosure is related to a promoter region nucleic acid sequence comprising an (5′) upstream promoter sequence operably linked to a (3′) downstream 5′-UTR sequence, wherein the promoter sequence comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 82 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 82, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 82 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 82. In certain embodiments, the promoter region nucleic acid sequence comprise a native 5′-UTR sequence or a modified 5′-UTR sequence. In certain embodiments, the 5′-UTR sequence is a native amyL 5′-UTR sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84, or a variant amyL 5′-UTR sequence thereof. In another embodiment, the promoter region nucleic acid sequence comprises a native aprE 5′-UTR sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, or a variant aprE 5′-UTR sequence thereof.

Thus, other embodiments are directed to a promoter region nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 65. Another embodiment is directed to a promoter region nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 67. In another embodiment, a promoter region nucleic acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 65 further comprises a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI) positioned downstream (3′) and operably linked to the promoter region. In certain embodiments, the POI is an enzyme. In another embodiment, the enzyme is a hydrolase. In other embodiments, the promoter region sequence further comprises one or more nucleotides upstream (5′) and operably linked thereto.

In certain other embodiments, the disclosure is related to a modified B. licheniformis amyL promoter derived from a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, wherein the modified promoter comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 82 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 82, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 82 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 82. In another embodiment, the modified amyL promoter comprises a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI) positioned downstream (3′) and operably linked to the promoter. In a particular embodiment, the POI is an enzyme. In other embodiments the enzyme is a hydrolase. In another embodiment, the promoter further comprises one or more nucleotides upstream (5′) and operably linked thereto.

Thus, certain other embodiments are related to a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with a polynucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65, or the complimentary sequence thereof. Other embodiments are therefore related to a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with SEQ ID NO: 67, or the complimentary sequence thereof. Another embodiment is related to a polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions with SEQ ID NO: 83, or the complimentary sequence thereof.

Other embodiments are related to modified Bacillus sp. cells comprising a novel promoter region of the disclosure.

Certain embodiments are related to a modified Bacillus sp. cell comprising a modified promoter of SEQ ID NO: 83.

Certain other embodiments are therefore related to an expression cassette comprising a novel promoter region of the disclosure. In certain embodiments, an expression cassette comprises a modified B. licheniformis amyL promoter.

Thus, certain other embodiments of the disclosure are directed to methods for enhanced protein production in a modified Bacillus sp. cell comprising (a) introducing a polynucleotide expression cassette into a parental Bacillus sp. cell, wherein the cassette comprises a promoter sequence positioned upstream (5′) and operably linked to a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI), wherein the promoter comprises at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 39 and comprises at least one modification selected from the group consisting of a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39, (b) isolating a modified cell from step (a) comprising the introduced expression construct, and (c) fermenting the modified cell of step (b) under suitable conditions for the production of the POI, wherein the modified cell of step (c) produces an increased amount of the POI relative to an equivalent Bacillus sp. cell comprising a polynucleotide expression cassette comprising a promoter sequence positioned upstream (5′) and operably linked to the same gene or ORF encoding the same POI, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO: 39. In certain embodiments, the promoter comprises at least two mutations selected from the group consisting a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a Tat nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In other embodiments, the promoter comprises at least three mutations selected from the group consisting a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In another embodiment, the promoter comprises at least four mutations comprising a Tat nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a Tat nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39. In other embodiments of the methods, the POI is an enzyme. In another embodiment of the methods, the enzyme is a hydrolase. In another embodiment of the methods, the promoter further comprising one or more nucleotides upstream (5′) and operably linked thereto. In certain embodiments, the promoter sequence is operably linked to a (3′) downstream native aprE 5′-UTR sequence, or a modified aprE 5′-UTR sequence thereof. In other embodiments of the methods, the native aprE 5′-UTR sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 85.

Certain other embodiments of the disclosure are related to methods for enhanced protein production in a modified Bacillus sp. cell comprising (a) introducing a polynucleotide expression cassette into a parental Bacillus sp. cell, wherein the cassette comprises an upstream promoter region comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65 and having a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 65, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the upstream promoter region is operably linked to a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI), (b) isolating a modified cell from step (a) comprising the introduced expression cassette, and (c) fermenting the modified cell of step (b) under suitable conditions for the production of the POI, wherein the modified cell of step (c) produces an increased amount of the POI relative to an equivalent Bacillus sp. cell comprising an introduced polynucleotide expression cassette comprising an upstream promoter region comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 65 and having an adenine (A) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 65, a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the upstream promoter region is operably linked to the same gene or ORF encoding the same POI. In certain embodiments of the methods, the POI is an enzyme. In other embodiments the enzyme is a hydrolase.

In another embodiment, the disclosure is related to methods for enhanced protein production in a modified Bacillus sp. cell comprising (a) introducing a polynucleotide expression cassette into a parental Bacillus sp. cell, wherein the cassette comprises an upstream promoter region comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 67 and having a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 65, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the upstream promoter region is operably linked to a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI), (b) isolating a modified cell from step (a) comprising the introduced expression cassette, and (c) fermenting the modified cell of step (b) under suitable conditions for the production of the POI, wherein the modified cell of step (c) produces an increased amount of the POI relative to an equivalent Bacillus sp. cell comprising an introduced polynucleotide expression cassette comprising an upstream promoter region comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 67 and having an adenine (A) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 65, a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 65 and a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 65, wherein the upstream promoter region is operably linked to the same gene or ORF encoding the same POI. In certain embodiments of the methods, the POI is an enzyme. In other embodiments the enzyme is a hydrolase.

In another embodiment, the disclosure is related to methods for enhanced protein production in a modified Bacillus sp. cell comprising (a) introducing a polynucleotide expression cassette into a parental Bacillus sp. cell, wherein the cassette comprises an upstream promoter comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83 and having a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 83, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 83 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein the upstream promoter is operably linked to a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI), (b) isolating a modified cell from step (a) comprising the introduced expression cassette, and (c) fermenting the modified cell of step (b) under suitable conditions for the production of the POI, wherein the modified cell of step (c) produces an increased amount of the POI relative to an equivalent Bacillus sp. cell comprising an introduced polynucleotide expression cassette comprising an upstream promoter comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 83 and having an adenine (A) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 83, a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 83 and a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 83, wherein the upstream promoter is operably linked to the same gene or ORF encoding the same POI. In certain embodiments of the methods, the POI is an enzyme. In other embodiments the enzyme is a hydrolase.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 presents nucleic acid sequence alignments of a native B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39), a novel (synthetic) rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ IDNO: 40), a novel (synthetic) rrnIp2-2 promoter (SEQ IDNO: 58) and a novel (synthetic) rrnIp2-3 promoter (SEQ IDNO: 59). As shown in FIG. 1, the -35 and -10 promoter sequence regions are indicated with underlined nucleotides, the putative transcription start site (TSS) is indicated with bold underlined nucleotides, with a double-underlined “G” nucleotide to assist in visualizing the TSS.

FIG. 2 presents the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) and its complimentary sequence (SEQ ID NO: 60; FIG. 2A), the synthetic rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40) and its complimentary sequence (SEQ ID NO: 61; FIG. 2B), the synthetic rrnIp2-2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 58) and its complimentary sequence (SEQ ID NO: 62; FIG. 2C) and the rrnIp2-3 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 59) and its complimentary sequence (SEQ ID NO: 63; FIG. 2D).

FIG. 3 presents nucleic acid sequence alignments of a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter region (PamyL-1; SEQ ID NO: 64) and a novel (synthetic) amyL promoter region (PamyL-2; SEQ ID NO: 65). As shown in FIG. 3, the -35 and -10 promoter sequence regions are indicated with underlined nucleotides, the 5′-UTR sequence is indicated with italicized nucleotides, and the putative transcription start site (TSS) is indicated with bold nucleotides and a double-underlined “G” nucleotide to assist in visualizing the TSS of PamyL-1 relative to PamyL-2.

FIG. 4 shows an alignment of the native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82) and the synthetic amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83), wherein the putative transcription start-site (TSS) is indicated with bold nucleotides and an underlined “G” nucleotide to assist in visualizing the TSS of native amyL promoter relative to the synthetic amyL promoter.

FIG. 5 presents nucleic acid sequence alignments of a synthetic PamyL-3 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 66) and synthetic Pamyl-4 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 67). As shown in FIG. 5, the putative transcription start-site (TSS) is indicated with bold nucleotides followed by the 5′-UTR sequence indicated with italicized nucleotides and a double-underlined “G” nucleotide to assist in visualizing the TSS of PamyL-3 relative to PamyL-4.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE BIOLOGICAL SEQUENCES

SEQ ID NO: 1 is a synthetic nucleic acid sequence encoding a Cas9 protein.

SEQ ID NO: 2 is an amino acid sequence of an N-terminal Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS) sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 3 is an amino acid sequence of a C-terminal NLS sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 4 is an amino acid sequence comprising a deca-histidine (10-H) tag.

SEQ ID NO: 5 is a nucleic acid sequence comprising a B. subtilis aprE promoter.

SEQ ID NO: 6 is an Cas9 forward primer nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 7 is an Cas9 reverse primer nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 8 is a nucleic acid sequence of plasmid pKB320 backbone.

SEQ ID NO: 9 is a nucleic acid sequence of plasmid pKB320.

SEQ ID NO: 10 is a pKB320 forward primer nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 11 is a pKB320 reverse primer nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 12 is a Cas9 “reverse sequencing primer 1” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 13 is a Cas9 “reverse sequencing primer 2” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 14 is a Cas9 “forward sequencing primer 1” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 15 is a Cas9 “forward sequencing primer 2” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 16 is a Cas9 “forward sequencing primer 3” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 17 is a Cas9 “forward sequencing primer 4” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 18 is a Cas9 “forward sequencing primer 5” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 19 is a Cas9 “forward sequencing primer 6” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 20 is a Cas9 “forward sequencing primer 7” nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 21 is a synthetic pRF694 nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 22 is a synthetic pRF748 nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 23 is a synthetic double terminator nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 24 is an E. coli rpsL promoter (nucleic acid) sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 25 is a synthetic nucleic acid sequence encoding Cas9 endonuclease recognition domain.

SEQ ID NO: 26 is a lambda phage t0 terminator nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 27 is a B. subtilis yhfN gene.

SEQ ID NO: 28 is a B. subtilis yhfN target site.

SEQ ID NO: 29 is a synthetic nucleic acid encoding a yhfN VT domain.

SEQ ID NO: 30 is a B. subtilis yhfN target site PAM sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 31 is a synthetic yhfN guide RNA (gRNA) sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 32 is a synthetic polynucleotide sequence (DNA) encoding yhfN gRNA.

SEQ ID NO: 33 is a synthetic yhfN gRNA polynucleotide (DNA) expression cassette.

SEQ ID NO: 34 is a synthetic pRF793 nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 35 is a polynucleotide sequence comprising a B. subtilis yhfN locus.

SEQ ID NO: 36 is a synthetic pRF748 forward primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 37 is a synthetic pRF748 reverse primer sequence

SEQ ID NO: 38 is a B. subtilis nucleic acid (sequence) flanking region 5′ of the yhfN gene locus.

SEQ ID NO: 39 is a native B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 40 is a synthetic rrnIp2-1 promoter nucleic acid sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 41 is a synthetic B. amyloliquefaciens apr terminator sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 42 is a B. subtilis nucleic acid (sequence) flanking region 3′ of the yhfN gene locus.

SEQ ID NO: 43 is a B. subtilis comK gene.

SEQ ID NO: 44 is a synthetic rrnIp2_α-amylase cassette.

SEQ ID NO: 45 is a synthetic rrnIp2-1_α-amylase cassette.

SEQ ID NO: 46 is a B. licheniformis 5′ lysA homology arm.

SEQ ID NO: 47 is a synthetic modified aprE 5′ UTR.

SEQ ID NO: 48 is a B. licheniformis lat signal sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 49 is a synthetic DNA sequence encoding a variant Cytophaga sp. α-amylase.

SEQ ID NO: 50 is a B. licheniformis lat terminator sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 51 is a B. licheniformis 3′ lysA homology arm.

SEQ ID NO: 52 is a synthetic lysA forward primer.

SEQ ID NO: 53 is a synthetic lysA reverse primer.

SEQ ID NO: 54 is synthetic DNA 1032.

SEQ ID NO: 55 is synthetic DNA 1033.

SEQ ID NO: 56 is synthetic DNA 1034.

SEQ ID NO: 57 is synthetic DNA 1035.

SEQ ID NO: 58 is a synthetic rrnIp2-2 promoter sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 59 is a synthetic rrnIp2-3 promoter sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 60 is a complimentary sequence of the native rrnIp2 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 39).

SEQ ID NO: 61 is a complimentary sequence of the synthetic rrnIp2-1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 40).

SEQ ID NO: 62 is a complimentary sequence of the synthetic rrnIp2-2 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 58).

SEQ ID NO: 63 is a complimentary sequence of the synthetic rrnIp2-3 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59).

SEQ ID NO: 64 is a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter region herein named PamyL-1, comprising a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82) and a native B. licheniformis amyL 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 84).

SEQ ID NO: 65 is a synthetic amyL promoter region herein named PamyL-2, comprising a synthetic amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83) operably linked to a native B. licheniformis amyL 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 84).

SEQ ID NO: 66 is a synthetic amyL promoter region herein named PamyL-3, comprising a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82) operably linked to a native B. subtilis aprE 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 85).

SEQ ID NO: 67 is a synthetic amyL promoter region herein named PamyL-4, comprising a synthetic amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83) operably linked to a native B. subtilis aprE 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 85).

SEQ ID NO: 68 is a native DNA sequence encoding a mature and truncated B. deramificans pullulanase.

SEQ ID NO: 69 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 70 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 71 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 72 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 73 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 74 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 75 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 76 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 77 is a synthetic primer sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 78 is a PamyL-1_pullulnase expression cassette.

SEQ ID NO: 79 is a PamyL-2_pullulnase expression cassette.

SEQ ID NO: 80 is a PamyL-3_pullulnase expression cassette

SEQ ID NO: 81 is a PamyL-4_pullulnase expression cassette

SEQ ID NO: 82 is a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 83 is a synthetic amyL promoter sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 84 is a native B. licheniformis amyL 5′-UTR sequence.

SEQ ID NO: 85 is native B. subtilis aprE 5′-UTR sequence.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The instant disclosure is generally related to compositions and methods for constructing/producing Bacillus sp. (host) cells (e.g., protein production host cells, cell factories) having enhanced protein productivity phenotypes and the like. More particularly, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences, novel expression constructs thereof, modified Bacillus (daughter) cells and the like.

Thus, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to modified (or mutant) Bacillus sp. cells. Other embodiments are related to modified Bacillus sp. cells comprising one or more novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences introduced therein (e.g., a “modified” or “synthetic” promoter sequence). In other embodiments, the one or more promoter sequences are operably linked to a gene or an open reading frame encoding a protein of interest. In other embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell of the disclosure comprises an enhanced protein productivity phenotype relative to a (parental) Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived. Certain other embodiments are related to parental Bacillus sp. cell comprising an endogenous (native) promoter (nucleic acid) sequence, wherein a modified Bacillus sp. daughter cell derived therefrom comprises a modified (non-native) promoter sequence thereof.

I. Definitions

In view of the modified cells producing one or more heterologous and/or endogenous proteins of interest, and methods thereof described herein, the following terms and phrases are defined. Terms not defined herein should be accorded their ordinary meaning as used in the art.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present compositions and methods apply. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can also be used in the practice or testing of the present compositions and methods, representative illustrative methods and materials are now described. All publications and patents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely,” “only”, “excluding”, “not including” and the like, in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation or proviso thereof.

As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present compositions and methods described herein. Any recited method can be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order which is logically possible.

As used herein, “host cell” refers to a cell that has the capacity to act as a host or expression vehicle for a newly introduced DNA sequence. Thus, in certain embodiments of the disclosure, the host cells are for example Bacillus sp. cells or E. coli cells.

As defined herein, a “parental cell” or a “parental (host) cell” may be used interchangeably and refer to “unmodified” cells.

As used herein, a “modified cell” or a “modified (host) cell” may be used interchangeably and refer to recombinant (host) cells that comprise at least one genetic modification which is not present in the “parental” host cell from which the modified cells are derived.

In certain embodiments, a parental (un-modified) cell may be referred to as a “control cell”, particularly when being compared with, or relative to, a modified daughter cell.

As used herein, when the expression and/or production of a protein of interest (POI) in an parental (un-modified) cell (e.g., a control cell) is being compared to the expression and/or production of the same POI in a modified (daughter) cell, it will be understood that the “modified” and “un-modified” cells are grown/cultivated/fermented under the same conditions (e.g., the same conditions such as media, temperature, pH and the like).

As used herein, the “genus Bacillus” or “Bacillus sp.” cells include all species within the genus “Bacillus′” as known to those of skill in the art, including but not limited to B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. lentus, B. brevis, B. stearothermophilus, B. alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. clausii, B. halodurans, B. megaterium, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. lautus, and B. thuringiensis. It is recognized that the genus Bacillus continues to undergo taxonomical reorganization. Thus, it is intended that the genus include species that have been reclassified, including but not limited to such organisms as B. stearothermophilus, which is now named “Geobacillus stearothermophilus”.

As used herein, the terms “wild-type” and “native” are used interchangeably and refer to genes, promoters, proteins, protein mixes, cells or strains, as found in nature.

The term “promoter” as used herein generally refers to a nucleic acid sequence capable of controlling the transcription of a coding sequence (or functional RNA). In general, a coding sequence is located downstream (3′) to a promoter sequence. Promoters may be derived in their entirety from a native gene, or be composed of different elements derived from different promoters found in nature, or even comprise synthetic nucleic acid segments. It is understood by those skilled in the art that different promoters may direct the expression of a gene in different cell types, or at different stages of development, or in response to different environmental or physiological conditions and to different levels of RNA transcript produced. Promoters which cause a gene to be expressed in most cell types at most times at similar levels are commonly referred to as “constitutive promoters”. It is further recognized that since in most cases the exact boundaries of regulatory sequences have not been completely defined, DNA fragments of different lengths may have identical promoter activity.

As used herein, terms such as “functional promoter” and “promoter function” particularly refer to a nucleic acid sequence capable of controlling the transcription of a coding sequence (or functional RNA) when placed (5′) upstream and in operable combination with the coding sequence. For example, promoter function may readily be evaluated, estimated, tested, measured, and the like by means of promoter function/promoter activity assays known by those of skill in the art.

As used herein, the term “promoter activity” refers to a qualitative or a quantitative estimation of promoter function. For example, promoter activity of an unknown (candidate/test) promoter (nucleic acid) sequence may be assessed and compared to the promoter activity of a known (control) promoter sequence (e.g., using one or more promoter activity assays generally known in the art). Such promoter activity measurements/assays may therefore be used to interrogate the rate of expression, temporal expression, spatial expression and the like. Methods to test/measure promoter activity are often based on the expression of a reporter gene (e.g., a green fluorescent protein; GFP), wherein a promoter sequence of interest is placed upstream (5′) and operably linked to the reporter gene (e.g., GFP). For example, a promoter sequence of interest (or multiple variants thereof, e.g., comprising one or more mutations, deletions, substitutions) may be tested by operably linking the promoter sequence of interest upstream (5′) of the reporter gene (e.g., GFP) and detecting/measuring changes in the reporter gene. Thus, fluorescent reporter genes such as GFP, RFP, and the like allow one of skill in the art to measure promoter activity; e.g., by detection of changes in the fluorescent signal (Solberg and Krauss, 2013).

In certain embodiments of the disclosure, promoter function (or activity) is assessed by the introduction of expression cassettes (constructs) into a suitable host cell (e.g., a Bacillus sp. cell). For example, in certain embodiments a suitable host cell comprises either (a) candidate (test) expression cassette or (b) a control expression cassette. More particularly, (a) the candidate (test) expression cassette comprises a candidate (test) promoter sequence positioned upstream (5′) and operably linked to an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (e.g., an enzyme) and (b) the control cassette comprises a control promoter sequence positioned upstream (5′) and operably linked to an open reading (ORF) encoding the same protein of interest (e.g., the same enzyme). Thus, the control promoter sequence selected for direct comparison with a candidate (test) promoter sequence may be any promoter sequence of known function or activity. In certain embodiments, a control promoter sequence comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. For example, in certain embodiments, a suitable host cell of the disclosure comprises either (a) an introduced “control” expression cassette or (b) an introduced “candidate” (test) expression cassette, wherein the two host cells are subsequently cultivated (i.e., under identical conditions) and the amount of the protein of interest expressed/produced directly compared between the two host cells (i.e., candidate vs. control cells).

As used herein, a “native Bacillus sp. rrnIp2 promoter” (abbreviated hereinafter, “rrnIp2” promoter) comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 39.

As used herein, phrases such as a “modified rrnIp2” promoter, a “synthetic rrnIp2” promoter, a “variant rrnIp2” promoter, a “mutant rrnIp2” promoter, a “mutated rrnIp2” promoter and the like refer to genetically modified promoter sequences derived from a “native rrnIp2” promoter of SEQ ID NO: 39. For example, in certain embodiments, a modified (non-native) rrnIp2 promoter of the disclosure comprises at least one modified nucleotide position with reference to the native rrnIp2 promoter of SEQ ID NO: 39 (positions 1-91), wherein the at least a one (1) modified nucleotide position is selected from positions 1, 89, 90 or 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39.

In other embodiments, a modified (non-native) rrnIp2 promoter of the disclosure comprises at least two (2) modified nucleotide positions with reference to the native rrnIp2 promoter of SEQ ID NO: 39 (positions 1-91), wherein the at least a two modified nucleotide positions are selected from positions 1, 89, 90 or 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39.

In other embodiments, a modified (non-native) rrnIp2 promoter of the disclosure comprises at least three (3) modified nucleotide positions with reference to the native rrnIp2 promoter of SEQ ID NO: 39 (positions 1-91), wherein the at least three modified nucleotide positions are selected from positions 1, 89, 90 or 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39.

In other embodiments, a modified (non-native) rrnIp2 promoter of the disclosure comprises at least four (4) modified nucleotide positions with reference to the native rrnIp2 promoter of SEQ ID NO: 39 (positions 1-91), wherein the at least four modified nucleotide positions are 1, 89, 90 and 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39.

As used herein, a “rrnIp2-1” promoter comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 30, a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 89, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 90 and thymine (T) at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 40. In certain other embodiments, a “rrnIp2-1” promoter comprises at least 90% to about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 40 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 30, a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 89, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 90 and thymine (T) at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 40.

As used herein, a “rrnIp2-2” promoter comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58 and comprises a Tat nucleotide position 89, a G at nucleotide position 90 and a Tat nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 58. In certain other embodiments, a “rrnIp2-2” promoter comprises at least 90% to about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 58 and comprises a T at nucleotide position 89, a G at nucleotide position 90 and a Tat nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 58.

As used herein, a “rrnIp2-3” promoter comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 59 and comprises a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 59. In certain other embodiments, a “rrnIp2-3” promoter comprises at least 90% to about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 59.

As used herein, terms such as a “synthetic” rrnIp2-1 promoter, a “synthetic” rrnIp2-2 promoter, a “synthetic” rrnIp2-3 promoter, “modified” rrnIp2-1 promoter, “modified” rrnIp2-2 promoter, “modified” rrnIp2-3 promoter and the like, refer to one or more (non-native) rrnIp2 promoter sequences (i.e., in contrast to the native rrnIp2 promoter sequence; SEQ ID NO: 39).

Thus, in certain embodiments, a synthetic, variant, or modified rrnIp2 promoter of the disclosure (e.g., a rrnIp2-1, rrnIp2-2, rrnIp2-3) comprises an enhanced promoter function or activity (e.g., an enhanced protein productivity phenotype) when operably linked to a gene or ORF encoding a protein of interest. In certain related embodiments, the synthetic, variant, or modified rrnIp2 promoter of the disclosure comprises an enhanced promoter function or activity relative to a native rrnIp2 promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39.

Thus, in certain other embodiments, a parental Bacillus sp. cell comprising an endogenous native rrnIp2 promoter is modified according to the methods of the disclosure, wherein the modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell derived therefrom comprises a mutated (non-native) rrnIp2 promoter of the disclosure.

As used herein, with regard to a native rrnIp2 promoter, or a variant (modified) rrnIp2 promoter derived therefrom (e.g., a rrnIp2-1, rrnIp2-2, rrnIp2-3), the “position” of a nucleotide in a given “nucleic acid sequence” (i.e., a rrnIp2 promoter sequence disclosed herein) is numbered by reference to the native B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter of SEQ ID NO: 39 (read in the 5′ to 3′ direction), which promoter sequence comprises nucleotides 1-91 (e.g., as presented in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1C).

For example, as shown in FIG. 1A-FIG. 1C, a candidate (test) promoter (nucleic acid) sequence described herein may be aligned with the native B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 39; nucleotide positions 1-91) using alignment algorithms described herein and/or alignment algorithms known in the relevant arts, wherein the nucleotide positions in the candidate (test) sequence that align with the native promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, can be numbered by reference to the corresponding nucleotide position(s) in the native sequence. For example, as presented in FIG. 1A, a novel (synthetic) rrnIp2-1 promoter sequence of the disclosure (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 40) is aligned with the native Bacillus sp. rrnIp2 promoter sequence (i.e., SEQ ID NO: 39), wherein four (4) nucleotides at positions 30, 89, 90 and 91 differ between the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) and the novel rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40). Thus, to establish sequence homology (or identity) to the native rrnIp2 promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39, one skilled in the art may readily compare the native rrnIp2 promoter sequence with one or more candidate (test) promoter sequences of interest, using sequence alignment algorithms, software and methods thereof know to one skilled in the art.

In certain embodiments, a novel variant rrnIp2 promoter comprises a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes (under stringent hybridization conditions) with a native rrnIp2 promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39 or its complimentary sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60. For example, in certain embodiments, a novel variant rrnIp2 promoter comprises a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes (under stringent hybridization conditions) with a complimentary rrnIp2 promoter sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 60, wherein the variant sequence which hybridizes comprises at least one nucleotide substitution at a position selected from 30, 89, 90 or 91, relative to the same positions in the native rrnIp2 promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 39. Thus, in other embodiments, a novel variant rrnIp2 promoter sequence of the disclosure which hybridizes (under stringent hybridization conditions) comprises a T at nucleotide position 89, a G nucleotide position 90 and a T at nucleotide position 91 (i.e., relative to SEQ ID NO: 39, comprising an A, A, A at nucleotide positions 89-91). In other embodiments, a novel variant rrnIp2 promoter which hybridizes (under stringent hybridization conditions) comprises SEQ ID NO: 40, 58 or 59.

As used herein, a native Bacillus licheniformis “amyL promoter region” abbreviated hereinafter, “PamyL-1”, comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 64.

As used herein, a modified (synthetic) “amyL promoter region” abbreviated hereinafter, “PamyL-2”, comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 65.

In certain embodiments, a modified (synthetic) PamyL-2 sequence comprises at least 90% to about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 64 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 64, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 64 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 64.

As used herein, with regard to the native PamyL-1 sequence and the modified (synthetic) PamyL-2 sequence, the “position” of a nucleotide in a given “nucleic acid sequence” is numbered by reference to the to the native B. licheniformis amyL promoter region PamyL-1 of SEQ ID NO: 64 (read in the 5′ to 3′ direction), which native PamyL-1 promoter region sequence comprises nucleotide positions 1-100 of SEQ ID NO: 64 (i.e., 5′ to 3′, as presented in FIG. 3).

For example, as shown in FIG. 3, the native PamyL-1 promoter region comprises a native amyL promoter sequence comprising nucleotide positions 1-74 of SEQ ID NO: 64 and a native amyL 5′-UTR sequence comprising nucleotide positions 75-100 of SEQ ID NO: 64; and the modified (synthetic) PamyL-2 promoter region comprises a modified amyL promoter sequence comprising nucleotide positions 1-74 of SEQ ID NO: 65 operably linked to a native amyL 5′-UTR sequence comprising nucleotide positions 75-100 of SEQ ID NO: 65.

As used herein, a native B. licheniformis “amyL promoter” sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82.

As used herein, a modified (synthetic) “amyL promoter” sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 83, and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 83, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 83 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 83. In certain embodiments, a modified (synthetic) amyL promoter sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% to about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 82, and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 82, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 82 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 82.

As used herein, with regard to the native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence and a modified amyL promoter sequence, the “position” of a nucleotide in a given “nucleic acid sequence” is numbered by reference to the to the native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82 (read in the 5′ to 3′ direction), which native amyL promoter sequence comprises nucleotide positions 1-74 of SEQ ID NO: 82 (i.e 5′ to 3′, as presented in FIG. 4). For example, as shown in FIG. 4, the native amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82) comprises nucleotides A, T, and G at 72, 73 and 74, respectively, and the modified amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83) comprises nucleotides T, G, and T, at nucleotide positions 72, 73 and 74, respectively.

As used herein, a native B. licheniformis “amyL 5′-UTR” sequence comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 84.

As used herein, a native B. subtilis “aprE 5′-UTR” comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 85.

As used herein, a modified (synthetic) “amyL promoter region” abbreviated hereinafter “PamyL-3”, comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 66.

As used herein, a modified (synthetic) “amyL promoter region” abbreviated hereinafter “PamyL-4”, comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 67.

In certain embodiments, a modified (synthetic) PamyL-4 sequence comprises at least 90% to about 99% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 66 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 66, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 66 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO: 66.

Thus, as used herein with regard to the synthetic PamyL-3 promoter region and the synthetic PamyL-4 promoter region, the “position” of a nucleotide in a given “nucleic acid sequence” is numbered by reference to the to the synthetic PamyL-3 promoter region of SEQ ID NO: 66 (read in the 5′ to 3′ direction), which PamyL-3 promoter region sequence comprises nucleotide positions 1-132 of SEQ ID NO: 66 (i.e., 5′ to 3′, as presented in FIG. 5).

For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the synthetic PamyL-3 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 66) comprises a native amyL promoter sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 82) comprising nucleotide positions 1-74 of SEQ ID NO: 66 operably linked to a native B. subtilis aprE 5′-UTR sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 85) comprising nucleotide positions 75-132 of SEQ ID NO: 66. Likewise, as presented in FIG. 5, the synthetic PamyL-4 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 67) comprises a modified amyL promoter sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 83) comprising nucleotide positions 1-74 of SEQ ID NO: 67 operably linked to a native B. subtilis aprE 5′-UTR sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 85) comprising nucleotide positions 75-132 of SEQ ID NO: 67.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 5, the PamyL-3 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 66) comprises nucleotides A, T, and G, at nucleotide positions 72, 73 and 74, respectively, and the PamyL-4 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 67) comprises nucleotides T, G, and T, at nucleotide positions 72, 73 and 74, respectively.

As used herein, with regard to the PamyL-1 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 64), the PamyL-2 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 65), the PamyL-3 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 66) and the PamyL-4 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 67), the terms “promoter region” or “promoter region sequence” refer to a nucleic acid sequence comprising at least an upstream (5′) promoter sequence operably linked to a downstream (3′) 5-UTR sequence.

As used herein, “nucleic acid” refers to a nucleotide or polynucleotide sequence, and fragments or portions thereof, as well as to DNA, cDNA, and RNA of genomic or synthetic origin, which may be double-stranded or single-stranded, whether representing the sense or antisense strand.

As used herein, the term “3′-untranslated region” is abbreviated “3′-UTR and the term “5′-untranslated region” is abbreviated “5′-UTR.

The term “operably linked” as used herein refers to the association of nucleic acid sequences on a single nucleic acid fragment so that the function of one is affected by the other. For example, a promoter is operably linked with a coding sequence (e.g., an ORF) when it is capable of affecting the transcription of that coding sequence (i.e., that the coding sequence is under the transcriptional control of the promoter). Coding sequences can be operably linked to regulatory sequences in sense or anti-sense orientation. A nucleic acid is “operably linked” when it is placed into a functional relationship with another nucleic acid sequence. For example, DNA encoding a secretory leader (i.e., a signal peptide), is operably linked to DNA for a polypeptide if it is expressed as a pre-protein that participates in the secretion of the polypeptide; a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, “operably linked” means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous, and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites or seamless assembly methods. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accordance with conventional practice.

As used herein, “suitable regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′, non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′, non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, RNA processing site(s), effector binding site(s), stem-loop structures and other RNA stability motifs.

As used herein, the term “expression” refers to the transcription and stable accumulation of sense (mRNA) or anti-sense RNA, derived from a nucleic acid molecule of the disclosure. Expression may also refer to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide. Thus, the term “expression” includes any step involved in the production of the polypeptide including, but not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, secretion and the like.

As used herein, the combined term “expresses/produces”, as used in phrases such as a “Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell expresses/produces an ‘increased’ amount of a protein of interest (POI)” (i.e., relative to the parental cell), the term “expresses/produces” is meant to include any steps involved in the expression and production of a protein in such Bacillus sp. (daughter) cells of the disclosure.

As used herein, the terms “increased expression”, “enhanced expression”, “increased expression of a POI”, “increased production”, “increased production of a POI” and the like refer to a “modified” Bacillus (daughter) cell, wherein the “increase” is always relative (vis-à-vis) to an “unmodified” Bacillus (parental) cell expressing/producing the same POI.

Likewise, as used herein, an “increased amount”, when used in phrases such as “a modified host cell ‘expresses/produces an increased amount’ of one or more proteins of interest relative to the (unmodified) parental host cell”, particularly refers to an “increased amount” of any protein of interest (POI) expressed/produced in the modified host cell, which “increased amount” is always relative to the (unmodified) parental Bacillus cells expressing/producing the same POI, wherein the modified and unmodified cells are grown/cultured/fermented under the same conditions (e.g., the same conditions such as media, temperature, pH and the like). For example, an increased amount of a POI may be an endogenous POI or a heterologous POI expressed in a modified Bacillus cell of the disclosure.

Thus, as used herein, “increasing” protein production or “increased” protein production is meant an increased amount of protein produced (e.g., a protein of interest). The protein may be produced inside the host cell, or secreted (or transported) into the culture medium. In certain embodiments, the protein of interest is produced (secreted) into the culture medium. Increased protein production may be detected for example, as higher maximal level of protein or enzymatic activity (e.g., such as protease activity, amylase activity, cellulase activity, hemicellulase activity and the like), or total extracellular protein produced as compared to the parental host cell.

As used herein, a modified cell comprising an “enhanced protein productivity phenotype” includes, but is not limited to, a modified cell comprising an enhanced/increased volumetric productivity, a modified cell comprising an enhanced/increased carbon conversion efficiency, a modified cell comprising an enhanced/increased protein yield, a modified cell comprising an enhanced/increased specific protein productivity and the like.

As used herein, the phrases “enhanced protein productivity phenotype” and “increased protein productivity phenotype”, may be used interchangeably.

As used herein, when describing an “enhanced/increased protein productivity phenotype” in an unmodified (parental) cell vis-à-vis a modified (variant/daughter) cell, it will be understood that the “parental” and “variant” cells are grown/cultivated/fermented under the same conditions (e.g., the same conditions such as media, temperature, pH and the like). \

As used herein, the term “introducing”, as used in phrases such as “introducing into a cell” at least one polynucleotide open reading frame (ORF), or a gene thereof, or a vector thereof, includes methods known in the art for introducing polynucleotides into a cell, including, but not limited to protoplast fusion, natural or artificial transformation (e.g., calcium chloride, electroporation), transduction, transfection and the like.

It is understood that the polynucleotides (or nucleic acid molecules) described herein include “genes”, “vectors” and “plasmids”.

Accordingly, the term “gene”, refers to a polynucleotide that codes for a particular sequence of amino acids, which comprise all, or part of a protein coding sequence, and may include regulatory (non-transcribed) DNA sequences, such as promoter sequences, which determine for example the conditions under which the gene is expressed. The transcribed region of the gene may include untranslated regions (UTRs), including introns, 5′-untranslated regions (UTRs), and 3′-UTRs, as well as the coding sequence.

As used herein, the term “coding sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of its (encoded) protein product. The boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame (hereinafter, “ORF”), which usually begins with an ATG start codon. The coding sequence typically includes DNA, cDNA, and recombinant nucleotide sequences.

As defined herein, the term “open reading frame” (hereinafter, “ORF”) means a nucleic acid or nucleic acid sequence (whether naturally occurring, non-naturally occurring, or synthetic) comprising an uninterrupted reading frame consisting of (i) an initiation codon, (ii) a series of two (2) or more codons representing amino acids, and (iii) a termination codon, the ORF being read (or translated) in the 5′ to 3′ direction.

As defined herein, “suitable regulatory sequences” refer to nucleotide sequences located upstream (5′ non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3′ non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influence the transcription, RNA processing or stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Regulatory sequences may include promoters, translation leader sequences, RNA processing site, effector binding site and stem-loop structure.

As defined herein, the term “introducing”, as used in phrases such as “introducing into a bacterial cell” or “introducing into a Bacillus cell” at least one polynucleotide open reading frame (ORF), or a gene thereof, or a vector thereof, includes methods known in the art for introducing polynucleotides into a cell, including, but not limited to protoplast fusion, natural or artificial transformation (e.g., calcium chloride, electroporation), transduction, transfection, conjugation and the like (e.g., see Ferrari et al., 1989).

As used herein, “transformed” or “transformation” mean a cell has been transformed by use of recombinant DNA techniques. Transformation typically occurs by insertion of one or more nucleotide sequences (e.g., a polynucleotide, an ORF or gene) into a cell. The inserted nucleotide sequence may be a heterologous nucleotide sequence (i.e., a sequence that is not naturally occurring in cell that is to be transformed). As used herein, “transformation” refers to introducing an exogenous DNA into a host cell so that the DNA is maintained as a chromosomal integrant or a self-replicating extra-chromosomal vector. As used herein, “transforming DNA”, “transforming sequence”, and “DNA construct” refer to DNA that is used to introduce sequences into a host cell or organism. Transforming DNA is DNA used to introduce sequences into a host cell or organism. The DNA may be generated in vitro by PCR or any other suitable techniques. In some embodiments, the transforming DNA comprises an incoming sequence, while in other embodiments it further comprises an incoming sequence flanked by homology boxes. In yet a further embodiment, the transforming DNA comprises other non-homologous sequences, added to the ends (i.e., stuffer sequences or flanks). The ends can be closed such that the transforming DNA forms a closed circle, such as, for example, insertion into a vector.

As used herein “an incoming sequence” refers to a DNA sequence that is introduced into the Bacillus chromosome. In some embodiments, the incoming sequence is part of a DNA construct. In other embodiments, the incoming sequence encodes one or more proteins of interest. In some embodiments, the incoming sequence comprises a sequence that may or may not already be present in the genome of the cell to be transformed (i.e., it may be either a homologous or heterologous sequence). In some embodiments, the incoming sequence encodes one or more proteins of interest, a gene, and/or a mutated or modified gene. In alternative embodiments, the incoming sequence encodes a functional wild-type gene or operon, a functional mutant gene or operon, or a nonfunctional gene or operon. In some embodiments, the non-functional sequence may be inserted into a gene to disrupt function of the gene. In another embodiment, the incoming sequence includes a selective marker. In a further embodiment the incoming sequence includes two homology boxes (e.g., up-stream and down-stream homology arms).

As used herein, “homology box” refers to a nucleic acid sequence, which is homologous to a sequence in the Bacillus chromosome. More specifically, a homology box is an upstream or downstream region having between about 80 and 100% sequence identity, between about 90 and 100% sequence identity, or between about 95 and 100% sequence identity with the immediate flanking regions of a chromosomal locus of interest according to the invention. These sequences direct where in the Bacillus chromosome a DNA construct is integrated and directs what part, if any, of the Bacillus chromosome is replaced by the incoming sequence. While not meant to limit the present disclosure, a homology box may include about between 1 base pair (bp) to 200 kilobases (kb). Preferably, a homology box includes about between 1 bp and 10.0 kb; between 1 bp and 5.0 kb; between 1 bp and 2.5 kb; between 1 bp and 1.0 kb, and between 0.25 kb and 2.5 kb. A homology box may also include about 10.0 kb, 5.0 kb, 2.5 kb, 2.0 kb, 1.5 kb, 1.0 kb, 0.5 kb, 0.25 kb and 0.1 kb. In some embodiments, the 5′ and 3′ ends of a selective marker are flanked by a homology box (homology arms) wherein the homology box comprises nucleic acid sequences immediately flanking the coding region of the gene.

In still another embodiment of the disclosure, the deletion, disruption, inactivation or down-regulation of a gene active at an inappropriate time, as determined by DNA array analysis (e.g., transcriptome analysis, as described herein) provides enhanced expression of a protein of interest. As used herein, “transcriptome analysis” refers to the analysis of gene transcription.

As used herein, the term “selectable marker-encoding nucleotide sequence” refers to a nucleotide sequence which is capable of expression in the host cells and where expression of the selectable marker confers to cells containing the expressed gene the ability to grow in the presence of a corresponding selective agent or lack of an essential nutrient.

As used herein, the terms “selectable marker” and “selective marker” refer to a nucleic acid (e.g., a gene) capable of expression in host cell which allows for ease of selection of those hosts containing the vector. Examples of such selectable markers include, but are not limited to, antimicrobials. Thus, the term “selectable marker” refers to genes that provide an indication that a host cell has taken up an incoming DNA of interest or some other reaction has occurred. Typically, selectable markers are genes that confer antimicrobial resistance or a metabolic advantage on the host cell to allow cells containing the exogenous DNA to be distinguished from cells that have not received any exogenous sequence during the transformation.

A “residing selectable marker” is one that is located on the chromosome of the microorganism to be transformed. A residing selectable marker encodes a gene that is different from the selectable marker on the transforming DNA construct. Selective markers are well known to those of skill in the art. As indicated above, the marker can be an antimicrobial resistance marker (e.g., amp^(R), phleo^(R), spec^(R), kan^(R), ery^(R), tet^(R), cmp^(R) and neo^(n)). In some embodiments, the present invention provides a chloramphenicol resistance gene (e.g., the gene present on pC194, as well as the resistance gene present in the Bacillus licheniformis genome). This resistance gene is particularly useful in the present invention, as well as in embodiments involving chromosomal amplification of chromosomally integrated cassettes and integrative plasmids. Other markers useful in accordance with the invention include, but are not limited to auxotrophic markers, such as serine, lysine, tryptophan; and detection markers, such as β-galactosidase.

As defined herein, a host cell “genome”, a bacterial (host) cell “genome”, or a Bacillus (host) cell “genome” includes chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes.

As used herein, the terms “plasmid”, “vector” and “cassette” refer to extrachromosomal elements, often carrying genes which are typically not part of the central metabolism of the cell, and usually in the form of circular double-stranded DNA molecules. Such elements may be autonomously replicating sequences, genome integrating sequences, phage or nucleotide sequences, linear or circular, of a single-stranded or double-stranded DNA or RNA, derived from any source, in which a number of nucleotide sequences have been joined or recombined into a unique construction which is capable of introducing a promoter fragment and DNA sequence for a selected gene product along with appropriate 3′ untranslated sequence into a cell.

A used herein, a “transformation cassette” refers to a specific vector comprising a gene (or ORF thereof), and having elements in addition to the foreign gene that facilitate transformation of a particular host cell.

As used herein, the term “vector” refers to any nucleic acid that can be replicated (propagated) in cells and can carry new genes or DNA segments into cells. Thus, the term refers to a nucleic acid construct designed for transfer between different host cells. Vectors include viruses, bacteriophage, pro-viruses, plasmids, phagemids, transposons, and artificial chromosomes such as YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes), BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes), PLACs (plant artificial chromosomes), and the like, that are “episomes” (i.e., replicate autonomously or can integrate into a chromosome of a host organism).

An “expression vector” refers to a vector that has the ability to incorporate and express heterologous DNA in a cell. Many prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors are commercially available and know to one skilled in the art. Selection of appropriate expression vectors is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art.

As used herein, the terms “expression cassette” and “expression vector” refer to a nucleic acid construct generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription of a particular nucleic acid in a target cell (i.e., these are vectors or vector elements, as described above). The recombinant expression cassette can be incorporated into a plasmid, chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA, virus, or nucleic acid fragment. Typically, the recombinant expression cassette portion of an expression vector includes, among other sequences, a nucleic acid sequence to be transcribed and a promoter. In some embodiments, DNA constructs also include a series of specified nucleic acid elements that permit transcription of a particular nucleic acid in a target cell. In certain embodiments, a DNA construct of the disclosure comprises a selective marker and an inactivating chromosomal or gene or DNA segment as defined herein.

As used herein, a “targeting vector” is a vector that includes polynucleotide sequences that are homologous to a region in the chromosome of a host cell into which the targeting vector is transformed and that can drive homologous recombination at that region. For example, targeting vectors find use in introducing mutations into the chromosome of a host cell through homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the targeting vector comprises other non-homologous sequences, e.g., added to the ends (i.e., stuffer sequences or flanking sequences). The ends can be closed such that the targeting vector forms a closed circle, such as, for example, insertion into a vector. Selection and/or construction of appropriate vectors is well within the knowledge of those having skill in the art.

As used herein, the term “plasmid” refers to a circular double-stranded (ds) DNA construct used as a cloning vector, and which forms an extrachromosomal self-replicating, conditionally self-replicating, or non-replicating genetic element in many bacteria and some eukaryotes. In some embodiments, plasmids become incorporated into the genome of the host cell.

As used herein, the term “protein of interest” or “POI” refers to a polypeptide of interest that is desired to be expressed in a modified Bacillus (daughter) cell, wherein the POI is preferably expressed at enhanced/increased levels (i.e., relative to the “unmodified” (parental) cell). Thus, as used herein, a POI may be an enzyme, a substrate-binding protein, a surface-active protein, a structural protein, a receptor protein, an antibody and the like

Similarly, as defined herein, a “gene of interest” or “GOT” refers a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a polynucleotide, a gene or an ORF) which encodes a POI. A “gene of interest” encoding a “protein of interest” may be a naturally occurring gene, a mutated gene or a synthetic gene.

In certain embodiments, a modified cell of the disclosure produces an increased amount of a heterologous POI or an endogenous POI relative to the parental cell. In particular embodiments, an increased amount of a POI produced by a modified cell of the disclosure is at least a 0.05% increase, at least 0.10%, at least a 1.0% increase, at least a 5.0% increase, or a greater than 5.0% increase, relative to the parental cell. As a non-limiting example, in certain embodiments, the POI is an enzyme (e.g., hydrolase), wherein an increased level of the POI produced by the modified cell (i.e., relative to its unmodified parent) is detected or measured as an increase in enzymatic activity and/or an increase specific productivity (Qp).

As used herein, the terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably, and refer to polymers of any length comprising amino acid residues linked by peptide bonds. The conventional one (1) letter or three (3) letter codes for amino acid residues are used herein. The polypeptide may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non-amino acids. The term polypeptide also encompasses an amino acid polymer that has been modified naturally or by intervention; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification, such as conjugation with a labeling component. Also included within the definition are, for example, polypeptides containing one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids, etc.), as well as other modifications known in the art.

In certain embodiments, a gene of the instant disclosure encodes a commercially relevant industrial protein of interest, such as an enzyme (e.g., a acetyl esterases, aminopeptidases, amylases, arabinases, arabinofuranosidases, carbonic anhydrases, carboxypeptidases, catalases, cellulases, chitinases, chymosins, cutinases, deoxyribonucleases, epimerases, esterases, α-galactosidases, β-galactosidases, α-glucanases, glucan lysases, endo-β-glucanases, glucoamylases, glucose oxidases, α-glucosidases, β-glucosidases, glucuronidases, glycosyl hydrolases, hemicellulases, hexose oxidases, hydrolases, invertases, isomerases, laccases, lipases, lyases, mannosidases, oxidases, oxidoreductases, pectate lyases, pectin acetyl esterases, pectin depolymerases, pectin methyl esterases, pectinolytic enzymes, perhydrolases, polyol oxidases, peroxidases, phenoloxidases, phytases, polygalacturonases, proteases, peptidases, rhamno-galacturonases, ribonucleases, transferases, transport proteins, transglutaminases, xylanases, hexose oxidases, and combinations thereof).

As used herein, a “variant” polypeptide refers to a polypeptide that is derived from a parent (or reference) polypeptide by the substitution, addition, or deletion of one or more amino acids, typically by recombinant DNA techniques. Variant polypeptides may differ from a parent polypeptide by a small number of amino acid residues and may be defined by their level of primary amino acid sequence homology/identity with a parent (reference) polypeptide.

Preferably, variant polypeptides have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or even at least 99% amino acid sequence identity with a parent (reference) polypeptide sequence. As used herein, a “variant” polynucleotide refers to a polynucleotide encoding a variant polypeptide, wherein the “variant polynucleotide” has a specified degree of sequence homology/identity with a parent polynucleotide, or hybridizes with a parent polynucleotide (or a complement thereof) under stringent hybridization conditions. Preferably, a variant polynucleotide has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or even at least 99% nucleotide sequence identity with a parent (reference) polynucleotide sequence.

As used herein, a “mutation” refers to any change or alteration in a nucleic acid sequence. Several types of mutations exist, including point mutations, deletion mutations, silent mutations, frame shift mutations, splicing mutations and the like. Mutations may be performed specifically (e.g., via site directed mutagenesis) or randomly (e.g., via chemical agents, passage through repair minus bacterial strains) or occur spontaneously.

As used herein, in the context of a polypeptide or a sequence thereof, the term “substitution” means the replacement (i.e., substitution) of one amino acid with another amino acid.

As defined herein, an “endogenous gene” refers to a gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism.

As defined herein, a “heterologous” gene, a “non-endogenous” gene, or a “foreign” gene refer to a gene (or ORF) not normally found in the host organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene transfer. As used herein, the term “foreign” gene(s) comprise native genes (or ORFs) inserted into a non-native organism and/or chimeric genes inserted into a native or non-native organism.

As defined herein, a “heterologous” nucleic acid construct or a “heterologous” nucleic acid sequence has a portion of the sequence which is not native to the cell in which it is expressed.

As defined herein, a “heterologous control sequence”, refers to a gene expression control sequence (e.g., a promoter or enhancer) which does not function in nature to regulate (control) the expression of the gene of interest. Generally, heterologous nucleic acid sequences are not endogenous (native) to the cell, or a part of the genome in which they are present, and have been added to the cell, by infection, transfection, transformation, microinjection, electroporation, and the like. A “heterologous” nucleic acid construct may contain a control sequence/DNA coding (ORF) sequence combination that is the same as, or different, from a control sequence/DNA coding sequence combination found in the native host cell.

As used herein, the terms “signal sequence” and “signal peptide” refer to a sequence of amino acid residues that may participate in the secretion or direct transport of a mature protein or precursor form of a protein. The signal sequence is typically located N-terminal to the precursor or mature protein sequence. The signal sequence may be endogenous or exogenous. A signal sequence is normally absent from the mature protein. A signal sequence is typically cleaved from the protein by a signal peptidase after the protein is transported.

The term “derived” encompasses the terms “originated” “obtained,” “obtainable,” and “created,” and generally indicates that one specified material or composition finds its origin in another specified material or composition, or has features that can be described with reference to the another specified material or composition.

As used herein, the term “homology” relates to homologous polynucleotides or polypeptides. If two or more polynucleotides or two or more polypeptides are homologous, this means that the homologous polynucleotides or polypeptides have a “degree of identity” of at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 85%, still more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, and most preferably at least 98%. Whether two polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences have a sufficiently high degree of identity to be homologous as defined herein, can suitably be investigated by aligning the two sequences using a computer program known in the art, such as “GAP” provided in the GCG program package (Program Manual for the Wisconsin Package, Version 8, August 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA 53711) (Needleman and Wunsch, (1970). Using GAP with the following settings for DNA sequence comparison: GAP creation penalty of 5.0 and GAP extension penalty of 0.3.

As used herein, the term “percent (%) identity” refers to the level of nucleic acid or amino acid sequence identity between the nucleic acid sequences that encode a polypeptide or the polypeptide's amino acid sequences, when aligned using a sequence alignment program.

As used herein, “specific productivity” is total amount of protein produced per cell per time over a given time period.

As defined herein, the terms “purified”, “isolated” or “enriched” are meant that a biomolecule (e.g., a polypeptide or polynucleotide) is altered from its natural state by virtue of separating it from some, or all of, the naturally occurring constituents with which it is associated in nature. Such isolation or purification may be accomplished by art-recognized separation techniques such as ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydrophobic separation, dialysis, protease treatment, ammonium sulphate precipitation or other protein salt precipitation, centrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, filtration, microfiltration, gel electrophoresis or separation on a gradient to remove whole cells, cell debris, impurities, extraneous proteins, or enzymes undesired in the final composition. It is further possible to then add constituents to a purified or isolated biomolecule composition which provide additional benefits, for example, activating agents, anti-inhibition agents, desirable ions, compounds to control pH or other enzymes or chemicals.

As used herein, the term “ComK polypeptide” is defined as the product of a comK gene; a transcription factor that acts as the final auto-regulatory control switch prior to competence development; involved with activation of the expression of late competence genes involved in DNA-binding and uptake and in recombination (Liu and Zuber, 1998, Hamoen et al., 1998). A plasmid (pBL.comK) comprising and expressing the comK nucleic acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 43.

As used herein, “homologous genes” refers to a pair of genes from different, but usually related species, which correspond to each other and which are identical or very similar to each other. The term encompasses genes that are separated by speciation (i.e., the development of new species) (e.g., orthologous genes), as well as genes that have been separated by genetic duplication (e.g., paralogous genes).

As used herein, “orthologue” and “orthologous genes” refer to genes in different species that have evolved from a common ancestral gene (i.e., a homologous gene) by speciation. Typically, orthologues retain the same function during the course of evolution. Identification of orthologues finds use in the reliable prediction of gene function in newly sequenced genomes.

As used herein, “paralog” and “paralogous genes” refer to genes that are related by duplication within a genome. While orthologues retain the same function through the course of evolution, paralogs evolve new functions, even though some functions are often related to the original one. Examples of paralogous genes include, but are not limited to genes encoding trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and thrombin, which are all serine proteinases and occur together within the same species.

As used herein, “homology” refers to sequence similarity or identity, with identity being preferred. This homology is determined using standard techniques known in the art (See e.g., Smith and Waterman, 1981; Needleman and Wunsch, 1970; Pearson and Lipman, 1988; programs such as GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package (Genetics Computer Group, Madison, Wis.) and Devereux et. al., 1984).

As used herein, an “analogous sequence” is one wherein the function of the gene is essentially the same as the gene derived from a Bacillus cell. Additionally, analogous genes include at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity with the sequence of the Bacillus sp. cell. Analogous sequences are determined by known methods of sequence alignment. A commonly used alignment method is BLAST, although there are other methods that also find use in aligning sequences.

As used herein, the term “hybridization” refers to the process by which a strand of nucleic acid joins with a complementary strand through base pairing, as known in the art. A nucleic acid sequence is considered to be “selectively hybridizable” to a reference nucleic acid sequence if the two sequences specifically hybridize to one another under moderate to high stringency hybridization and wash conditions. Hybridization conditions are based on the melting temperature (T_(m)) of the nucleic acid binding complex or probe. For example, “maximum stringency” typically occurs at about T_(m) ⁻5° C. (5° below the T_(m) of the probe); “high stringency” at about 5-10° C. below the T_(m); “intermediate stringency” at about 10-20° C. below the T_(m) of the probe; and “low stringency” at about 20-25° C. below the T_(m). Functionally, maximum stringency conditions may be used to identify sequences having strict identity or near-strict identity with the hybridization probe; while an intermediate or low stringency hybridization can be used to identify or detect polynucleotide sequence homologs. Moderate and high stringency hybridization conditions are well known in the art. An example of high stringency conditions includes hybridization at about 42° C. in 50% formamide, 5×SSC, 5×Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and 100 pg/ml denatured carrier DNA, followed by washing two times in 2×SSC and 0.5% SDS at room temperature (RT) and two additional times in 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 42° C. An example of moderate stringent conditions including overnight incubation at 37° C. in a solution comprising 20% formamide, 5×SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5×Denhardt's solution, 10% dextran sulfate and 20 mg/ml denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA, followed by washing the filters in 1×SSC at about 37-50° C. Those of skill in the art know how to adjust the temperature, ionic strength, etc. as necessary to accommodate factors such as probe length and the like.

As used herein, “recombinant” includes reference to a cell or vector, that has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found in identical form within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all as a result of deliberate human intervention. “Recombination”, “recombining” or generating a “recombined” nucleic acid is generally the assembly of two or more nucleic acid fragments wherein the assembly gives rise to a chimeric gene.

As used herein, a “flanking sequence” refers to any sequence that is either upstream or downstream of the sequence being discussed (e.g., for genes A-B-C, gene B is flanked by the A and C gene sequences). In certain embodiments, the incoming sequence is flanked by a homology box on each side. In another embodiment, the incoming sequence and the homology boxes comprise a unit that is flanked by stuffer sequence on each side. In some embodiments, a flanking sequence is present on only a single side (either 3′ or 5′), but in preferred embodiments, it is on each side of the sequence being flanked. The sequence of each homology box is homologous to a sequence in the Bacillus chromosome. These sequences direct where in the Bacillus chromosome the new construct gets integrated and what part of the Bacillus chromosome will be replaced by the incoming sequence. In other embodiments, the 5′ and 3′ ends of a selective marker are flanked by a polynucleotide sequence comprising a section of the inactivating chromosomal segment. In some embodiments, a flanking sequence is present on only a single side (either 3′ or 5′), while in other embodiments, it is present on each side of the sequence being flanked.

As used herein, the term “stuffer sequence” refers to any extra DNA that flanks homology boxes (typically vector sequences). However, the term encompasses any non-homologous DNA sequence. Not to be limited by any theory, a stuffer sequence provides a non-critical target for a cell to initiate DNA uptake.

II. Ribosomal RNA Promoter Sequences

As generally set forth above, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences described herein. In certain embodiments, these novel promoter sequences are operably linked to a gene or ORF encoding a POI, wherein they are particularly well suited for use in large scale production of industrially relevant proteins. In certain embodiments, such novel promoter sequences are synthetic variants of a native Bacillus sp. ribosomal RNA (rrn) promoter (nucleic acid) sequence.

For example, as presented in the Background section above, International PCT Publication No. WO2013/086219, generally discloses promoters, expression vectors, microorganisms, and methods for the production of polynucleotides coding for proteins of interest comprising ribosomal promoters derived from Bacillus subtilis, which ribosomal promoter sequences described therein are useful for enhanced protein production in Gram positive microbial cells. These ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein promoter sequences included certain B. subtilis ribosomal RNA promoters (abbreviated “rrn”), such as rrnB, rrnI, and rrnE and certain B. subtilis ribosomal protein promoters (abbreviated “rps”), such as rpsD and rpsJ.

In contrast, as presented and described in the Examples section below, Applicant has identified novel mutant/variant promoter sequences derived from such rrn promoter (nucleic acid) sequences. More particularly during routine synthesis of DNA for assembly into Bacillus expression constructs, Applicant altered the sequence of the rrn promoter to facilitate DNA assembly of the constructs, during these alterations applicant identified certain B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter mutants that expressed/produced increased amounts of the operably linked reporter gene compared with the native rrnIp2 promoter sequence (e.g., variant/mutated rrnIp2 promoter sequences such as SEQ ID NOs: 40, 58 and 59).

For example, as presented and described in Example 1, Applicant constructed an aprE Cas9 targeting vector for the introduction of expression cassettes into the aprE locus of B. subtilis. Thus, to create a guide RNA (gRNA) expression cassette, the DNA encoding the gRNA was operably linked to a promoter sequence and terminator sequence operable in Bacillus sp. cells, such that the promoter was positioned upstream (5′) of the DNA encoding the gRNA and the terminator was positioned downstream (3′) of the DNA encoding the gRNA. In addition, Example 2 of the disclosure further describes the construction of Bacillus sp. (daughter) cells comprising introduced hydrolase expressions cassettes. More particularly, such Bacillus sp. cells comprise hydrolase expression cassettes having (1) a DNA sequence homologous to flanking region 5′ of the yhfN gene (SEQ ID NO: 38) operably linked to either (2a) a DNA sequence encoding a native B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) or (2b) a novel (synthetic) variant rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40), which promoter DNA sequences are (3) operably linked to a DNA sequence encoding an exemplary protein of interest (i.e., a hydrolase), which is (4) operably fused to a DNA sequence encoding a B. amyloliquefaciens apr terminator sequence (SEQ ID NO: 41), wherein the promoter is positioned upstream (5′) of the DNA sequence encoding the hydrolase and the terminator is positioned downstream (3′) of the DNA encoding the hydrolase. Additionally, such expression cassettes were operably fused to the DNA sequence homologous to the flanking region 3′ of the yhfN gene (SEQ ID NO: 42). For example, a Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell colony comprising the hydrolase expression cassette with the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) was stored and named strain “SS066”, and a Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell colony comprising the hydrolase expression cassette with the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40) was stored and named strain “SS065”.

Example 3 of the disclosure further describes Bacillus sp. cells comprising a hydrolase expression cassette (i.e., Example 3; a protease) with either a native rrnIp2 promoter (e.g., Bacillus cells SS066) or a modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (e.g., Bacillus cells SS065) were assessed for hydrolase (i.e., protease) production under small scale conditions. More particularly, after forty (40) hours of growth, the protease concentration in the whole cell broth was determined using the suc-AAPF-pNA assay. For example, Table 5 (Example 3) shows the (normalized) relative protease expression of the SS065 cells (i.e., comprising rrnIp2-1 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 40) relative to the SS066 cells (i.e., comprising native rrnIp2 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 39), demonstrating an approximately 2-fold increase in protease activity.

Likewise, Example 4 of the disclosure presents Bacillus sp. cells comprising exemplary hydrolase expression cassettes (i.e., Example 4; an amylase). More specifically, the amylase expression cassettes described in Example 4 were introduced into B. licheniformis cells, comprising an amylase expression cassette either (1) under the control of the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) or (2) under the control of the a modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40). More particularly, halo positive transformants for the native rrnIp2 amylase cassette and modified rrnIp2-1 amylase cassette were streak purified on L agar containing 1% (w/v) insoluble starch to purify single colonies, wherein a colony with a sequence verified cassette of the rrnIp2_amylase cassette was stored and named “BF399” and a colony with a sequence verified cassette of the rrnIp2-1_amylase cassette was stored and named “BF401”.

Example 5 of the disclosure further assayed the Bacillus sp. cells (i.e., cells BF399 and BF401) comprising the amylase expression cassettes constructed in Example 4. For example, as presented in Table 9, the amylase expression cassette comprising the native rrnIp2 promoter (i.e., cassette SEQ ID NO: 44) and the amylase expression cassette comprising the variant rrnIp2-1 promoter (i.e., cassette SEQ ID NO: 45), were tested for expression/production of the amylase to determine the influence these different promoters have on amylase production in Bacillus sp. cells. More particularly, as presented in Table 9, the Bacillus sp. cells comprising the variant rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40; i.e., cassette SEQ ID NO: 45) produce on average 30% more amylase than the Bacillus sp. cells comprising the native rrnIp2 promoter (i.e., cassette SEQ ID NO: 44).

Thus, as generally described herein, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to compositions and methods for producing/constructing Bacillus sp. cells (e.g., protein production host cells, cell factories) having increased protein production phenotypes and the like.

III. Bacillus Licheniformis amyL Promoter Region Sequences

As generally set forth above, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences described herein. Thus, in certain embodiments, novel promoter sequences described herein are operably linked to a gene or ORF encoding a POI, which novel promoter sequences are particularly well suited for use in large scale production of industrially relevant proteins. For example, certain embodiments are related to novel promoter sequence regions comprising upstream promoter sequences operably linked to downstream 5′-UTR sequences, as generally described herein. In certain embodiments, such novel promoter sequences regions are synthetic (modified) variants of a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter (nucleic acid) sequence.

For example, as generally set forth in Section II above (e.g., see, FIG. 1), when the 3′ adenines (A) at nucleotide positions 89, 90 and 91 of the native rrnIp2 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 39) were changed to a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 89, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 90 and thymine (T) at nucleotide position 91 of the rrnIp2-1 promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 40; SEQ ID NO: 58), the expression of genes of interest under the control of the (TGT) modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40; SEQ ID NO: 58) were significantly enhanced relative to the expression of the same genes of interest expressed under the control of the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39). Based on these surprising and unexpected observations of the modified rrnIp2 promoter sequences, Applicant contemplated introducing similar 3′ nucleotide modifications into a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter region.

More specifically, as described below in the Example 6, in certain embodiments Applicant modified a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter region (named PamyL-1; SEQ ID NO: 64), which native PamyL-1 promoter region comprises a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82) and a native B. licheniformis amyL 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 84), whereas the modified amyL promoter region (named PamyL-2; SEQ ID NO: 65) comprises a modified (synthetic) amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83) operably linked to a native B. licheniformis amyL 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 84), for example, see FIG. 3 and FIG. 4. In certain other embodiments, Applicant constructed synthetic (hybrid) promoter regions named PamyL-3 (SEQ ID NO: 66) and PamyL-4 (SEQ ID NO: 67), wherein the hybrid PamyL-3 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 66) comprises native B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 82) operably linked to a native B. subtilis aprE 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 85) and the hybrid PamyL-4 promoter region (SEQ ID NO: 67) comprises modified B. licheniformis amyL promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 83) operably linked to a native B. subtilis aprE 5′-UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO: 85). For example, as shown in the FIG. 5 nucleic acid sequence alignments, the putative transcription start-site (TSS) is indicated with bold nucleotides followed by the 5′-UTR sequence indicated with italicized nucleotides and a double-underlined “G” nucleotide to assist in visualizing the TSS of PamyL-3 relative to PamyL-4.

Thus, as generally set forth in Example 6, heterologous (truncated) pullulanase expression cassettes were introduced into B. licheniformis cells. More specifically, the (truncated) pullulanase expression cassettes were introduced into B. licheniformis cells, wherein the cells comprised either (a) an expression cassette under the control of the native B. licheniformis amyL promoter region (i.e., PamyL-1; SEQ ID NO: 64), (b) an expression cassette under the control of modified promoter region PamyL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 65), (c) an expression cassette under the control of modified promoter region PamyL-3; (SEQ ID NO: 66), or (d) an expression cassette under the control of modified promoter region PamyL-4 (SEQ ID NO: 67). For example, as described in Example 6, a colony with a sequence verified cassette of the PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 78) was streak purified, stored and named “PamyL-Pulltr.”, a colony with a sequence verified cassette of the PamyL-2 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 79) was streak purified, stored and named “LDN461”, a colony with a sequence verified cassette of the PamyL-3 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 80) was streak purified, stored and named “LDN462”, and a colony with a sequence verified cassette of the PamyL-4 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 81) was streak purified, stored and named “LDN463”.

More particularly, as further described in Example 7, Applicant assayed Bacillus cells (strains) comprising the introduced (truncated) pullulanase expression cassettes to determine the influence these different promoter regions have on such heterologous pullulanase protein production. For example, the data presented in Example 7 demonstrate that the Bacillus strain comprising the PamyL-2 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 79; e.g., strain LDN461) produced on average 78% more pullulanase than the Bacillus strain comprising the PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 78; strain PamyL-Pulltr.). Likewise, the data presented in Example 7 demonstrate that the Bacillus strain comprising the PamyL-4 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 81; strain LDN463) produced on average 16% more pullulanase than the Bacillus strain comprising the PamyL-3 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 80; strain LDN462).

Thus, as generally described herein, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to compositions and methods for producing/constructing Bacillus sp. cells (e.g., protein production host cells, cell factories) having increased protein production phenotypes and the like.

IV. Molecular Biology

As generally set forth above, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cells derived from parental Bacillus sp. cells. More particularly, certain other embodiments are related to modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cells and methods thereof for producing and constructing such modified Bacillus sp. cells (e.g., protein production host cells, cell factories) having increased protein productivity phenotypes and the like. Thus, certain other embodiments are related to mutants of parental Bacillus sp. cells comprising one or more genetic modifications (i.e., relative to the parental cell).

As presented herein, such novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences are particularly useful for the expression of a gene or ORF encoding a protein of interest in a Bacillus sp. cell. Other embodiments are related to such to novel promoter (nucleic acid) sequences comprised within novel expression cassettes thereof. Thus, certain other embodiments are related to modified Bacillus sp. cells comprising one or more heterologous expression constructs introduced therein. Certain other embodiments are related to an isolated protein of interest (POI) produced by a modified Bacillus sp. cell of the disclosure. Thus, in certain embodiments, one or more promoter sequences are operably linked to a gene or ORF encoding a POI. In certain other embodiments, the one or more promoter sequences further comprise nucleotides upstream (5′) and operably linked thereto. In other embodiments, the gene or ORF further comprises nucleotides downstream (3′) and operably linked thereto.

Thus, certain embodiments of the disclosure are directed to methods for genetically modifying Bacillus sp. cells (e.g., via the introduction, substitution, and/or removal of one or more nucleotides in a gene, ORF, promoter, terminator, 5′-UTR, 3′-UTR and the like). Thus, methods for genetically modifying Bacillus sp. cells include, but are not limited to (a) the introduction, substitution, and/or removal of one or more nucleotides in a given nucleic acid sequence, (b) gene disruption, (c) gene conversion, (d) gene deletion, (e) gene down-regulation, (f) Cas9 mediated editing, (g) site specific mutagenesis and/or (h) random mutagenesis. Thus, in certain embodiments, a parental Bacillus sp. cell is modified using methods well known in the art, for example, insertions, disruptions, replacements, or deletions and the like in a polynucleotide sequence of interest.

For example, in certain embodiments, a portion of a gene to be modified may be a coding region or a regulatory element required for expression of the coding region. In certain embodiments, a Bacillus sp. nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a gene, an ORF, a promoter, a 5′-UTR and the like) is modified using methods known in the art. In certain embodiments, a promoter (nucleic acid) sequence is modified using methods known in the art. In other embodiments, a promoter derived from a native Bacillus sp. is modified using methods known in the art. In certain other embodiments, a variant Bacillus sp. promoter of the disclosure is a synthetic sequence (e.g., rrnIp2-1 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 40).

Thus, in certain embodiments a modified Bacillus sp. cell is constructed by gene deletion. Gene deletion techniques enable the partial or complete removal of the gene(s), thereby eliminating their expression, or expressing a non-functional (or reduced activity) protein product. In such methods, the deletion of the gene(s) may be accomplished by homologous recombination using a plasmid that has been constructed to contiguously contain the 5′ and 3′ regions flanking the gene. The contiguous 5′ and 3′ regions may be introduced into a Bacillus cell, for example, on a temperature-sensitive plasmid, such as pE194, in association with a second selectable marker at a permissive temperature to allow the plasmid to become established in the cell. The cell is then shifted to a non-permissive temperature to select for cells that have the plasmid integrated into the chromosome at one of the homologous flanking regions. Selection for integration of the plasmid is effected by selection for the second selectable marker. After integration, a recombination event at the second homologous flanking region is stimulated by shifting the cells to the permissive temperature for several generations without selection. The cells are plated to obtain single colonies and the colonies are examined for loss of both selectable markers (see, e.g., Perego, 1993). Thus, a person of skill in the art may readily identify nucleotide regions in the gene's coding sequence and/or the gene's non-coding sequence suitable for complete or partial deletion.

In other embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. cell of the disclosure is constructed by introducing, substituting, or removing one or more nucleotides in the gene or a regulatory element required for the transcription or translation thereof. For example, as described herein, certain modified promoter (nucleic acid) sequences of the disclosure comprise nucleotide substitutions (e.g., nucleotide positions 30, 89, 90 and 91). Such a modification may be accomplished techniques known in the art, such as site-directed mutagenesis or PCR generated mutagenesis in accordance with methods known in the art (e.g., see, Botstein and Shortie, 1985; Lo et al., 1985; Higuchi et al., 1988; Shimada, 1996; Ho et al., 1989; Horton et al., 1989 and Sarkar and Sommer, 1990).

In another embodiment, a modified Bacillus sp. cell is constructed by the process of gene conversion (e.g., see Iglesias and Trautner, 1983). For example, in the gene conversion method, a nucleic acid sequence corresponding to the gene(s) is mutagenized in vitro to produce a defective nucleic acid sequence, which is then transformed into the parental Bacillus cell to produce a defective gene. By homologous recombination, the defective nucleic acid sequence replaces the endogenous gene. It may be desirable that the defective gene or gene fragment also encodes a marker which may be used for selection of transformants containing the defective gene. For example, the defective gene may be introduced on a non-replicating or temperature-sensitive plasmid in association with a selectable marker. Selection for integration of the plasmid is effected by selection for the marker under conditions not permitting plasmid replication. Selection for a second recombination event leading to gene replacement is effected by examination of colonies for loss of the selectable marker and acquisition of the mutated gene (Perego, 1993). Alternatively, the defective nucleic acid sequence may contain an insertion, substitution, or deletion of one or more nucleotides of the gene, as described below.

In other embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. cell is produced/constructed via CRISPR-Cas9 editing. For example, a Bacillus sp. promoter sequence of the disclosure can be edited (or disrupted, deleted, down-regulated) by means of nucleic acid guided endonucleases, that find their target DNA by binding either a guide RNA (e.g., Cas9) and Cpf1 or a guide DNA (e.g., NgAgo), which recruits the endonuclease to the target sequence on the DNA, wherein the endonuclease can generate a single or double stranded break in the DNA. This targeted DNA break becomes a substrate for DNA repair, and can recombine with a provided editing template to modify the promoter sequence (e.g., see, Example 1). Thus, the gene encoding the nucleic acid guided endonuclease (for this purpose Cas9 from S. pyogenes) or a codon optimized gene encoding the Cas9 nuclease is operably linked to a promoter active in the Bacillus sp. cell and a terminator active in Bacillus cell, thereby creating a Bacillus Cas9 expression cassette. Likewise, one or more target sites unique to the promoter of interest are readily identified by a person skilled in the art. For example, to build a DNA construct encoding a gRNA-directed to a target promoter site of interest, the variable targeting domain (VT) will comprise nucleotides of the target site which are 5′ of the (PAM) proto-spacer adjacent motif (TGG), which nucleotides are fused to DNA encoding the Cas9 endonuclease recognition domain for S. pyogenes Cas9 (CER). The combination of the DNA encoding a VT domain and the DNA encoding the CER domain thereby generate a DNA encoding a gRNA. Thus, a Bacillus expression cassette for the gRNA is created by operably linking the DNA encoding the gRNA to a promoter active in Bacillus cells and a terminator active in Bacillus cells. In certain embodiments, the DNA break induced by the endonuclease is repaired/replaced with an incoming sequence.

For example, to precisely repair the DNA break generated by the Cas9 expression cassette and the gRNA expression cassette described above, a nucleotide editing template is provided, such that the DNA repair machinery of the cell can utilize the editing template. For example, about 500 bp upstream (5′) of targeted promoter can be fused to about 500 bp downstream (3′) of the targeted promoter to generate an editing template, which template is used by the Bacillus host's machinery to repair the DNA break generated by the RGEN. The Cas9 expression cassette, the gRNA expression cassette and the editing template can be co-delivered to the cells using many different methods (e.g., protoplast fusion, electroporation, natural competence, or induced competence). The transformed cells are screened by PCR amplifying the target gene locus, by amplifying the locus with a forward and reverse primer. These primers can amplify the wild-type locus or the modified locus that has been edited by the RGEN. These fragments are then sequenced using a sequencing primer to identify edited colonies.

In yet other embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. cell is constructed by random or specific mutagenesis using methods well known in the art, including, but not limited to, chemical mutagenesis (see, e.g., Hopwood, 1970) and transposition (see, e.g., Youngman et al., 1983). Modification of the gene or promoter may be performed by subjecting the parental cell to mutagenesis and screening for mutant cells in which expression of the gene has been altered. The mutagenesis, which may be specific or random, may be performed, for example, by use of a suitable physical or chemical mutagenizing agent, use of a suitable oligonucleotide, or subjecting the DNA sequence to PCR generated mutagenesis. Furthermore, the mutagenesis may be performed by use of any combination of these mutagenizing methods.

Examples of a physical or chemical mutagenizing agent suitable for the present purpose include ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, hydroxylamine, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), N-methyl-N′-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), O-methyl hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), sodium bisulphite, formic acid, and nucleotide analogues. When such agents are used, the mutagenesis is typically performed by incubating the parental cell to be mutagenized in the presence of the mutagenizing agent of choice under suitable conditions, and selecting for mutant cells exhibiting reduced or no expression of the gene.

International PCT Publication No. WO2003/083125 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) discloses methods for modifying Bacillus cells, such as the creation of Bacillus deletion strains and DNA constructs using PCR fusion to bypass E. coli. International PCT Publication No. WO2002/14490 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) discloses methods for modifying Bacillus cells including (1) the construction and transformation of an integrative plasmid (pComK), (2) random mutagenesis of coding sequences, signal sequences and pro-peptide sequences, (3) homologous recombination, (4) increasing transformation efficiency by adding non-homologous flanks to the transformation DNA, (5) optimizing double cross-over integrations, (6) site directed mutagenesis and (7) marker-less deletion.

Those of skill in the art are well aware of suitable methods for introducing polynucleotide sequences into bacterial cells (e.g., E. coli and Bacillus sp.; see e.g., Ferrari et al., 1989; Saunders et al., 1984; Hoch et al., 1967; Mann et al., 1986; Holubova, 1985; Chang et al., 1979; Vorobjeva et al., 1980; Smith et al., 1986; Fisher et. al., 1981 and McDonald, 1984). Indeed, such methods as transformation including protoplast transformation and congression, transduction, and protoplast fusion are known and suited for use in the present disclosure. Methods of transformation are particularly preferred to introduce a DNA construct of the present disclosure into a host cell.

In addition to commonly used methods, in some embodiments, host cells are directly transformed (i.e., an intermediate cell is not used to amplify, or otherwise process, the DNA construct prior to introduction into the host cell). Introduction of the DNA construct into the host cell includes those physical and chemical methods known in the art to introduce DNA into a host cell, without insertion into a plasmid or vector. Such methods include, but are not limited to, calcium chloride precipitation, electroporation, naked DNA, liposomes and the like. In additional embodiments, DNA constructs are co-transformed with a plasmid without being inserted into the plasmid. In further embodiments, a selective marker is deleted or substantially excised from the modified Bacillus strain by methods known in the art (e.g., Stahl et al., 1984 and Palmeros et al., 2000). In some embodiments, resolution of the vector from a host chromosome leaves the flanking regions in the chromosome, while removing the indigenous chromosomal region.

Methods for screening and creating promoter libraries with a range of activities (promoter strength) in Bacillus cells is describe in International PCT Publication No. WO2003/089604.

V. Culturing Bacillus Cells for Production of a Protein of Interest

In other embodiments of the disclosure, the Bacillus sp. cells constructed and described herein comprise enhanced protein productivity phenotypes. More specifically, the modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cells of the disclosure comprise enhanced protein productivity phenotypes relative to the parental Bacillus sp. cells from which there were derived, when the parental and daughter cells are cultivated under the same conditions. Thus, certain embodiments of the disclosure are related to methods of expressing/producing a protein of interest (POI), which generally comprises fermenting/cultivating such cells.

Fermentation methods well known in the art can be applied to ferment the modified and unmodified Bacillus sp. cells of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the cells are cultured under batch or continuous fermentation conditions. A classical batch fermentation is a closed system, where the composition of the medium is set at the beginning of the fermentation and is not altered during the fermentation. At the beginning of the fermentation, the medium is inoculated with the desired organism(s). In this method, fermentation is permitted to occur without the addition of any components to the system. Typically, a batch fermentation qualifies as a “batch” with respect to the addition of the carbon source, and attempts are often made to control factors such as pH and oxygen concentration. The metabolite and biomass compositions of the batch system change constantly up to the time the fermentation is stopped. Within typical batch cultures, cells can progress through a static lag phase to a high growth log phase, and finally to a stationary phase, where growth rate is diminished or halted. If untreated, cells in the stationary phase eventually die. In general, cells in log phase are responsible for the bulk of production of product.

A suitable variation on the standard batch system is the “fed-batch fermentation” system. In this variation of a typical batch system, the substrate is added in increments as the fermentation progresses. Fed-batch systems are useful when catabolite repression likely inhibits the metabolism of the cells and where it is desirable to have limited amounts of substrate in the medium. Measurement of the actual substrate concentration in fed-batch systems is difficult and is therefore estimated on the basis of the changes of measurable factors, such as pH, dissolved oxygen and the partial pressure of waste gases, such as CO₂. Batch and fed-batch fermentations are common and known in the art.

Continuous fermentation is an open system where a defined fermentation medium is added continuously to a bioreactor, and an equal amount of conditioned medium is removed simultaneously for processing. Continuous fermentation generally maintains the cultures at a constant high density, where cells are primarily in log phase growth. Continuous fermentation allows for the modulation of one or more factors that affect cell growth and/or product concentration. For example, in one embodiment, a limiting nutrient, such as the carbon source or nitrogen source, is maintained at a fixed rate and all other parameters are allowed to moderate. In other systems, a number of factors affecting growth can be altered continuously while the cell concentration, measured by media turbidity, is kept constant. Continuous systems strive to maintain steady state growth conditions. Thus, cell loss due to medium being drawn off should be balanced against the cell growth rate in the fermentation. Methods of modulating nutrients and growth factors for continuous fermentation processes, as well as techniques for maximizing the rate of product formation, are well known in the art of industrial microbiology.

Thus, in certain embodiments, a POI produced by a transformed (modified) host cell may be recovered from the culture medium by conventional procedures including separating the host cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, or if necessary, disrupting the cells and removing the supernatant from the cellular fraction and debris. Typically, after clarification, the proteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate are precipitated by means of a salt, e.g., ammonium sulfate. The precipitated proteins are then solubilized and may be purified by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g., ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration.

VI. Proteins of Interest Produced by Modified Cells

As briefly stated in the preceding section, the present cells, strains, polynucleotides, promoters, expression constructs and methods thereof find use in the production of commercially important proteins. A protein of interest (POI) of the instant disclosure can be any endogenous or heterologous protein, and it may be a variant of such a POI. The protein can contain one or more disulfide bridges or is a protein whose functional form is a monomer or a multimer, i.e., the protein has a quaternary structure and is composed of a plurality of identical (homologous) or non-identical (heterologous) subunits, wherein the POI or a variant POI thereof is preferably one with properties of interest.

For example, in certain embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell comprises an increased protein titer relative to a parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived, wherein protein titer is defined as the amount of protein per volume (g/L). For example, titers can be measured by methods known in the art (e.g., ELISA, HPLC, Bradford assay, LC/MS and the like). Thus, in certain embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell comprises a protein titer increase of at least about 0.1%, at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10% or more, relative to the parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived.

In certain embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell exhibits an increased volumetric productivity relative to a parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived, wherein volumetric productivity is defined as the amount of protein produced (g) during the fermentation per nominal volume (L) of the bioreactor per total fermentation time (h). For example, volumetric productivities can be measured by methods know in the art (e.g., ELISA, HPLC, Bradford assay, LC/MS and the like). Thus, in certain embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell comprises a volumetric productivity increase of at least about 0.1%, at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10% or more, relative to the parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived.

In certain other embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell exhibits an increased total protein yield relative to a parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived, wherein total protein yield is defined as the amount of protein produced (g) per gram of carbohydrate fed. Thus, as used herein, total protein yield (g/g) may be calculated using the following equation:

Y _(f) =T _(p) /T _(c)

wherein “Y_(f)” is total protein yield (g/g), “T_(p)” is the total protein produced during the fermentation (g) and “T_(c)” is the total carbohydrate (g) fed during the fermentation (bioreactor) run. In certain embodiments, the increase in total protein yield of the modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell, relative to parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived, is an increase of at least about 0.1%, at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10% or more.

Total protein yield may also be described as carbon conversion efficiency/carbon yield, for example, as in the percentage (%) of carbon fed that is incorporated into total protein. Thus, in certain embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell comprises an increased carbon conversion efficiency (e.g., an increase in the percentage (%) of carbon fed that is incorporated into total protein) relative to the parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived. In certain embodiments, the increase in carbon conversion efficiency of the modified cell (i.e., relative to the parental cell) is an increase of at least about 0.1%, at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10% or more.

In certain embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell exhibits an increased specific productivity (Qp) of a POI relative to the parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived. For example, the detection of specific productivity (Qp) is a suitable method for evaluating rate of protein production. The specific productivity (Qp) can be determined using the following equation:

“Qp=gP/gDCW·hr”

wherein, “gP” is grams of protein produced in the tank; “gDCW” is grams of dry cell weight (DCW) in the tank and “hr” is fermentation time in hours from the time of inoculation, which includes the time of production as well as growth time. Thus, in certain embodiments, a modified Bacillus sp. (daughter) cell comprises a specific productivity (Qp) increase of at least about 0.1%, at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, or at least about 10% or more, relative to the parental Bacillus sp. cell from which it was derived.

In certain embodiments, a POI or a variant POI thereof is selected from the group consisting of acetyl esterases, aminopeptidases, amylases, arabinases, arabinofuranosidases, carbonic anhydrases, carboxypeptidases, catalases, cellulases, chitinases, chymosins, cutinases, deoxyribonucleases, epimerases, esterases, α-galactosidases, β-galactosidases, α-glucanases, glucan lyases, endo-β-glucanases, glucoamylases, glucose oxidases, α-glucosidases, β-glucosidases, glucuronidases, glycosyl hydrolases, hemicellulases, hexose oxidases, hydrolases, invertases, isomerases, laccases, ligases, lipases, lyases, mannanases, mannosidases, oxidases, oxidoreductases, pectate lyases, pectin acetyl esterases, pectin depolymerases, pectin methyl esterases, pectinolytic enzymes, perhydrolases, polyol oxidases, peroxidases, phenoloxidases, phytases, polygalacturonases, proteases, peptidases, rhamno-galacturonases, ribonucleases, transferases, transport proteins, transglutaminases, xylanases, hexose oxidases, and combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, a POI or a variant POI thereof is selected from an Enzyme Commission (EC) Number selected from the group consisting of EC 1, EC 2, EC 3, EC 4, EC 5 or EC 6.

For example, in certain embodiments a POI is an oxidoreductase enzyme, including, but not limited to, an EC1 (oxidoreductase) enzyme selected from EC 1.10.3.2 (e.g., a laccase), EC 1.10.3.3 (e.g., L-ascorbate oxidase), EC 1.1.1.1 (e.g., alcohol dehydrogenase), EC 1.11.1.10 (e.g., chloride peroxidase), EC 1.11.1.17 (e.g., peroxidase), EC 1.1.1.27 (e.g., L-lactate dehydrogenase), EC 1.1.1.47 (e.g., glucose 1-dehydrogenase), EC 1.1.3.X (e.g., glucose oxidase), EC 1.1.3.10 (e.g., pyranose oxidase), EC 1.13.11.X (e.g., dioxygenase), EC 1.13.11.12 (e.g., lineolate 13S-lipozygenase), EC 1.1.3.13 (e.g., alcohol oxidase), EC 1.14.14.1 (e.g., monooxygenase), EC 1.14.18.1 (e.g., monophenol monooxigenase), EC 1.15.1.1 (e.g., superoxide dismutase), EC 1.1.5.9 (formerly EC 1.1.99.10, e.g., glucose dehydrogenase), EC 1.1.99.18 (e.g., cellobiose dehydrogenase), EC 1.1.99.29 (e.g., pyranose dehydrogenase), EC 1.2.1.X (e.g., fatty acid reductase), EC 1.2.1.10 (e.g., acetaldehyde dehydrogenase), EC 1.5.3.X (e.g., fructosyl amine reductase), EC 1.8.1.X (e.g., disulfide reductase) and EC 1.8.3.2 (e.g., thiol oxidase).

In certain embodiments a POI is a transferase enzyme, including, but not limited to, an EC 2 (transferase) enzyme selected from EC 2.3.2.13 (e.g., transglutaminase), EC 2.4.1.X (e.g., hexosyltransferase), EC 2.4.1.40 (e.g., alternasucrase), EC 2.4.1.18 (e.g., 1,4 alpha-glucan branching enzyme), EC 2.4.1.19 (e.g., cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase), EC 2.4.1.2 (e.g., dextrin dextranase), EC 2.4.1.20 (e.g., cellobiose phosphorylase), EC 2.4.1.25 (e.g., 4-alpha-glucanotransferase), EC 2.4.1.333 (e.g., 1,2-beta-oligoglucan phosphor transferase), EC 2.4.1.4 (e.g., amylosucrase), EC 2.4.1.5 (e.g., dextransucrase), EC 2.4.1.69 (e.g., galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyl transferase), EC 2.4.1.9 (e.g., inulosucrase), EC 2.7.1.17 (e.g., xylulokinase), EC 2.7.7.89 (formerly EC 3.1.4.15, e.g., [glutamine synthetase]-adenylyl-L-tyrosine phosphorylase), EC 2.7.9.4 (e.g., alpha glucan kinase) and EC 2.7.9.5 (e.g., phosphoglucan kinase).

In other embodiments a POI is a hydrolase enzyme, including, but not limited to, an EC 3 (hydrolase) enzyme selected from EC 3.1.X.X (e.g., an esterase), EC 3.1.1.1 (e.g., pectinase), EC 3.1.1.14 (e.g., chlorophyllase), EC 3.1.1.20 (e.g., tannase), EC 3.1.1.23 (e.g., glycerol-ester acylhydrolase), EC 3.1.1.26 (e.g., galactolipase), EC 3.1.1.32 (e.g., phospholipase A1), EC 3.1.1.4 (e.g., phospholipase A2), EC 3.1.1.6 (e.g., acetylesterase), EC 3.1.1.72 (e.g., acetylxylan esterase), EC 3.1.1.73 (e.g., feruloyl esterase), EC 3.1.1.74 (e.g., cutinase), EC 3.1.1.86 (e.g., rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase), EC 3.1.1.87 (e.g., fumosin B1 esterase), EC 3.1.26.5 (e.g., ribonuclease P), EC 3.1.3.X (e.g., phosphoric monoester hydrolase), EC 3.1.30.1 (e.g., Aspergillus nuclease S1), EC 3.1.30.2 (e.g., Serratia marcescens nuclease), EC 3.1.3.1 (e.g., alkaline phosphatase), EC 3.1.3.2 (e.g., acid phosphatase), EC 3.1.3.8 (e.g., 3-phytase), EC 3.1.4.1 (e.g., phosphodiesterase I), EC 3.1.4.11 (e.g., phosphoinositide phospholipase C), EC 3.1.4.3 (e.g., phospholipase C), EC 3.1.4.4 (e.g., phospholipase D), EC 3.1.6.1 (e.g., arylsufatase), EC 3.1.8.2 (e.g., diisopropyl-fluorophosphatase), EC 3.2.1.10 (e.g., oligo-1,6-glucosidase), EC 3.2.1.101 (e.g., mannan endo-1,6-alpha-mannosidase), EC 3.2.1.11 (e.g., alpha-1,6-glucan-6-glucanohydrolase), EC 3.2.1.131 (e.g., xylan alpha-1,2-glucuronosidase), EC 3.2.1.132 (e.g., chitosan N-acetylglucosaminohydrolase), EC 3.2.1.139 (e.g., alpha-glucuronidase), EC 3.2.1.14 (e.g., chitinase), EC 3.2.1.151 (e.g., xyloglucan-specific endo-beta-1,4-glucanase), EC 3.2.1.155 (e.g., xyloglucan-specific exo-beta-1,4-glucanase), EC 3.2.1.164 (e.g., galactan endo-1,6-beta-galactosidase), EC 3.2.1.17 (e.g., lysozyme), EC 3.2.1.171 (e.g., rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase), EC 3.2.1.174 (e.g., rhamnogalacturonan rhamnohydrolase), EC 3.2.1.2 (e.g., beta-amylase), EC 3.2.1.20 (e.g., alpha-glucosidase), EC 3.2.1.22 (e.g., alpha-galactosidase), EC 3.2.1.25 (e.g., beta-mannosidase), EC 3.2.1.26 (e.g., beta-fructofuranosidase), EC 3.2.1.37 (e.g., xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase), EC 3.2.1.39 (e.g., glucan endo-1,3-beta-D-glucosidase), EC 3.2.1.40 (e.g., alpha-L-rhamnosidase), EC 3.2.1.51 (e.g., alpha-L-fucosidase), EC 3.2.1.52 (e.g., beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidase), EC 3.2.1.55 (e.g., alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase), EC 3.2.1.58 (e.g., glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase), EC 3.2.1.59 (e.g., glucan endo-1,3-alpha-glucosidase), EC 3.2.1.67 (e.g., galacturan 1,4-alpha-galacturonidase), EC 3.2.1.68 (e.g., isoamylase), EC 3.2.1.7 (e.g., 1-beta-D-fructan fructanohydrolase), EC 3.2.1.74 (e.g., glucan 1,4-β-glucosidase), EC 3.2.1.75 (e.g., glucan endo-1,6-beta-glucosidase), EC 3.2.1.77 (e.g., mannan 1,2-(1,3)-alpha-mannosidase), EC 3.2.1.80 (e.g., fructan beta-fructosidase), EC 3.2.1.82 (e.g., exo-poly-alpha-galacturonosidase), EC 3.2.1.83 (e.g., kappa-carrageenase), EC 3.2.1.89 (e.g., arabinogalactan endo-1,4-beta-galactosidase), EC 3.2.1.91 (e.g., cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase), EC 3.2.1.96 (e.g., mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase), EC 3.2.1.99 (e.g., arabinan endo-1,5-alpha-L-arabinanase), EC 3.4.X.X (e.g., peptidase), EC 3.4.11.X (e.g., aminopeptidase), EC 3.4.11.1 (e.g., leucyl aminopeptidase), EC 3.4.11.18 (e.g., methionyl aminopeptidase), EC 3.4.13.9 (e.g., Xaa-Pro dipeptidase), EC 3.4.14.5 (e.g., dipeptidyl-peptidase IV), EC 3.4.16.X (e.g., serine-type carboxypeptidase), EC 3.4.16.5 (e.g., carboxypeptidase C), EC 3.4.19.3 (e.g., pyroglutamyl-peptidase I), EC 3.4.21.X (e.g., serine endopeptidase), EC 3.4.21.1 (e.g., chymotrypsin), EC 3.4.21.19 (e.g., glutamyl endopeptidase), EC 3.4.21.26 (e.g., prolyl oligopeptidase), EC 3.4.21.4 (e.g., trypsin), EC 3.4.21.5 (e.g., thrombin), EC 3.4.21.63 (e.g., oryzin), EC 3.4.21.65 (e.g., thermomycolin), EC 3.4.21.80 (e.g., streptogrisin A), EC 3.4.22.X (e.g., cysteine endopeptidase), EC 3.4.22.14 (e.g., actinidain), EC 3.4.22.2 (e.g., papain), EC 3.4.22.3 (e.g., ficain), EC 3.4.22.32 (e.g., stem bromelain), EC 3.4.22.33 (e.g., fruit bromelain), EC 3.4.22.6 (e.g., chymopapain), EC 3.4.23.1 (e.g., pepsin A), EC 3.4.23.2 (e.g., pepsin B), EC 3.4.23.22 (e.g., endothiapepsin), EC 3.4.23.23 (e.g., mucorpepsin), EC 3.4.23.3 (e.g., gastricsin), EC 3.4.24.X (e.g., metalloendopeptidase), EC 3.4.24.39 (e.g., deuterolysin), EC 3.4.24.40 (e.g., serralysin), EC 3.5.1.1 (e.g., asparaginase), EC 3.5.1.11 (e.g., penicillin amidase), EC 3.5.1.14 (e.g., N-acyl-aliphatic-L-amino acid amidohydrolase), EC 3.5.1.2 (e.g., L-glutamine amidohydrolase), EC 3.5.1.28 (e.g., N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase), EC 3.5.1.4 (e.g., amidase), EC 3.5.1.44 (e.g., protein-L-glutamine amidohydrolase), EC 3.5.1.5 (e.g., urease), EC 3.5.1.52 (e.g., peptide-N(4)-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase), EC 3.5.1.81 (e.g., N-Acyl-D-amino-acid deacylase), EC 3.5.4.6 (e.g., AMP deaminase) and EC 3.5.5.1 (e.g., nitrilase).

In other embodiments a POI is a lyase enzyme, including, but not limited to, an EC 4 (lyase) enzyme selected from EC 4.1.2.10 (e.g., mandelonitrile lyase), EC 4.1.3.3 (e.g., N-acetylneuraminate lyase), EC 4.2.1.1 (e.g., carbonate dehydratase), EC 4.2.2.- (e.g., rhamnogalacturonan lyase), EC 4.2.2.10 (e.g., pectin lyase), EC 4.2.2.22 (e.g., pectate trisaccharide-lyase), EC 4.2.2.23 (e.g., rhamnogalacturonan endolyase) and EC 4.2.2.3 (e.g., mannuronate-specific alginate lyase).

In certain other embodiments a POI is an isomerase enzyme, including, but not limited to, an EC 5 (isomerase) enzyme selected from EC 5.1.3.3 (e.g., aldose 1-epimerase), EC 5.1.3.30 (e.g., D-psicose 3-epimerase), EC 5.4.99.11 (e.g., isomaltulose synthase) and EC 5.4.99.15 (e.g., (1→4)-α-D-glucan 1-α-D-glucosylmutase).

In yet other embodiments, a POI is a ligase enzyme, including, but not limited to, an EC 6 (ligase) enzyme selected from EC 6.2.1.12 (e.g., 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase) and EC 6.3.2.28 (e.g., L-amino-acid alpha-ligase).

These and other aspects and embodiments of the present strains and methods will be apparent to the skilled person in view of the present description and the following Examples.

EXAMPLES

Certain aspects of the present invention may be further understood in light of the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting. Modifications to materials and methods will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

Example 1 Construction of aprE Cas9 Targeting Vector

A synthetic polynucleotide encoding the Cas9 protein from S. pyogenes (SEQ ID NO: 1), comprising an N-terminal nuclear localization sequence (NLS, “APKKKRKV”; SEQ ID NO:2), a C-terminal NLS (“KKKKLK”; SEQ ID NO: 3) and a deca-histidine tag (“HHHHHHHHHH”; SEQ ID NO: 4), was operably linked to the aprE promoter (P-aprE) from B. subtilis (SEQ ID NO: 5) and amplified using Q5 DNA polymerase (NEB) per manufacturer's instructions with the forward (SEQ ID NO: 6) and reverse (SEQ ID NO: 7) primer pair set forth below in TABLE 1.

TABLE 1 FORWARD AND REVERSE PRIMER PAIR Forward ATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACA SEQ ID NO: 6 GAATTCCTCCATTTTCTTCTGCTAT Reverse TGCGGCCGCGAATTCGATTACGAAT SEQ ID NO: 7 GCCGTCTCCC

The backbone (SEQ ID NO: 8) of plasmid pKB320 (SEQ ID NO: 9) was amplified using Q5 DNA polymerase (NEB) per manufacturer's instructions with the forward (SEQ ID NO: 10) and reverse (SEQ ID NO: 11) primer pair set forth below in TABLE 2.

TABLE 2 FORWARD AND REVERSE PRIMER PAIR Forward GGGAGACGGCATTCGTAATCGAATT SEQ ID NO: 10 CGCGGCCGCA Reverse ATAGCAGAAGAAAATGGAGGAATTC SEQ ID NO: 11 TGTCAGACCAAGTTTACTCATATAT

The PCR products were purified using Zymo clean and concentrate 5 columns per manufacturer's instructions. Subsequently, the PCR products were assembled using prolonged overlap extension PCR (POE-PCR) with Q5 Polymerase (NEB) mixing the two fragments at equimolar ratio. The POE-PCR reactions were cycled: 98° C. for five (5) seconds, 64° C. for ten (10) seconds, 72° C. for four (4) minutes and fifteen (15) seconds for 30 cycles. Five (5) μl of the POE-PCR (DNA) was transformed into Top10 E. coli (Invitrogen) per manufacturer's instructions and selected on lysogeny (L) Broth (Miller recipe; 1% (w/v) Tryptone, 0.5% Yeast extract (w/v), 1% NaCl (w/v)), containing fifty (50) μg/ml kanamycin sulfate and solidified with 1.5% Agar. Colonies were allowed to grow for eighteen (18) hours at 37° C. Colonies were picked and plasmid DNA prepared using Qiaprep DNA miniprep kit per manufacturer's instructions and eluted in fifty-five (55) μl of ddH₂O. The plasmid DNA was Sanger sequenced to verify correct assembly, using the sequencing primers (SEQ ID NOs: 12-20) set forth below in TABLE 3.

TABLE 3 SEQUENCING PRIMERS Reverse CCGACTGGAGCTCCTATATTACC SEQ ID NO: 12 Reverse GCTGTGGCGATCTGTATTCC SEQ ID NO: 13 Forward GTCTTTTAAGTAAGTCTACTCT SEQ ID NO: 14 Forward CCAAAGCGATTTTAAGCGCG SEQ ID NO: 15 Forward CCTGGCACGTGGTAATTCTC SEQ ID NO: 16 Forward GGATTTCCTCAAATCTGACG SEQ ID NO: 17 Forward GTAGAAACGCGCCAAATTACG SEQ ID NO: 18 Forward GCTGGTGGTTGCTAAAGTCG SEQ ID NO: 19 Forward GGACGCAACCCTCATTCATC SEQ ID NO: 20

The correctly assembled plasmid, pRF694 (SEQ ID NO: 21), was used to assemble the intermediate plasmid, pRF748 (SEQ ID NO: 22). The construction of plasmid pRF748 was created by cloning an interrupted synthetic gRNA cassette into the NcoI/SalI sites of plasmid pRF694. This cassette was produced synthetically by IDT and contains the B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39), a synthetic double terminator (SEQ ID NO: 24), the E. coli rpsL gene (SEQ ID NO: 25), the DNA encoding the Cas9 endonuclease recognition domain (SEQ ID NO: 26), and the lambda phage TO terminator (SEQ ID NO: 27).

The DNA fragment containing the gRNA expression cassette can be assembled into pRF694 using standard molecular biology techniques generating plasmid pRF748, generating an E. coli-B. subtilis shuttle plasmid containing a Cas9 expression cassette and a gRNA expression cassette.

The intermediate plasmid, pRF748 was used to assemble the plasmid for the introduction of the expression cassettes into the aprE locus of B. subtilis. More particularly, the yhfN gene (SEQ ID NO: 28) in the aprE locus of B. subtilis contains a Cas9 target site (SEQ ID NO: 29). The target site can be converted into a DNA sequence encoding a variable targeting (VT) domain (SEQ ID NO: 30) by removing the PAM sequence (SEQ ID NO: 31). The DNA sequence encoding the VT domain (SEQ ID NO: 30) can be operably fused to the DNA sequence encoding the Cas9 Endonuclease Recognition domain (CER; SEQ ID NO: 26) such that when transcribed by RNA polymerase in the cell, it produces a functional gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 32). The DNA encoding the gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 33) can be operably linked to a promoter operable in Bacillus sp. cells (e.g., B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter; SEQ ID NO: 39) and a terminator operable in Bacillus sp. cells (e.g., the lambda phage t0 terminator; SEQ ID NO: 26), such that the promoter is positioned 5′ of the DNA encoding the gRNA and the terminator is positioned 3′ of the DNA encoding the gRNA, to create a gRNA expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 34).

Plasmid pRF793 (SEQ ID NO: 35), targeting the yhfN gene (SEQ ID NO:36) of B. subtilis was created by amplifying plasmid pRF748 (SEQ ID NO: 22), using Q5 according to the manufacturer's instructions and the forward (SEQ ID NO: 37) and reverse (SEQ ID NO: 37) primer pairs set forth in TABLE 4.

TABLE 4 FORWARD AND REVERSE PRIMER PAIR Forward TTCAGGATTTGGCCGTGACGGTTTT SEQ ID NO: 37 AGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTT Reverse CGTCACGGCCAAATCCTGAATTTAT SEQ ID NO: 38 TACTATAACATTTAGCTTCTTTTAA

These primers amplify the entire plasmid (pRF748) except for the variable targeting region of the gRNA creating a fragment in which the 5′ and 3′ ends overlap and containing the yhfN variable targeting domain. This PCR product was used for an intramolecular assembly reaction using NEBuilder (New England Biolabs) per the manufacturer's instructions, to create plasmid pRF793 (SEQ ID NO: 35), generating an E. coli-B. subtilis shuttle plasmid containing a Cas9 expression cassette and a gRNA expression cassette that encoding a gRNA targeting yhfN.

Example 2 Generation of Bacillus Cells Comprising Exemplary Expression Cassettes

In the present example, Applicant introduced protease expression cassettes (e.g., an exemplary POI) into B. subtilis cells. More specifically, the expression cassettes comprise (1) a DNA sequence homologous to flanking region upstream (5′) of the yhfN gene (SEQ ID NO: 39) operably fused to either (2a) a DNA sequence encoding a native B. subtilis rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) or (2b) a genetically modified rrnIp2 sequence thereof, herein named the “rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40), which native and modified promoter DNA sequences were (3) operably fused to a DNA sequence encoding a mature (subtilisin) protease, which was (4) operably fused to a DNA sequence encoding a B. amyloliquefaciens apr terminator sequence (SEQ ID NO: 41), wherein the promoter was positioned 5′ of the DNA sequence encoding the protease and the terminator was positioned 3′ of the DNA sequence encoding the protease. Lastly, the expression cassettes set forth above were operably fused to the DNA sequence homologous to the flanking region downstream (3′) of the yhfN gene (SEQ ID NO: 42).

Thus, in the instant example, parental B. subtilis cells comprising the B. subtilis comK gene (SEQ ID NO: 44; introduced at the amyE locus using the PxylA inducible promoter), were grown overnight at 37° C. and 250 RPM in fifteen (15) ml of L broth (1% w·v⁻¹ Tryptone, 0.5% Yeast extract w·v⁻¹, 1% NaCl w·v⁻¹), in a one hundred and twenty-five (125) ml baffled flask. The overnight culture was diluted to 0.2 (OD₆₀₀ units) in ten (10) ml fresh L broth in a one hundred twenty-five (125) ml baffle flask.

Cells were grown until the culture reached 0.9 (OD₆₀₀ units) at 37° C. (250 RPM). D-xylose was added to 0.3% (w/v) from a 30% (w/v) stock. Cells were grown for an additional two and a half (2.5) hours at 37° C. (250 RPM) and pelleted at 1700×g for seven (7) minutes. The cells were resuspended in one fourth (¼) volume of original culture using the spent medium. One hundred (100) μl of concentrated cells were mixed with approximately one (1) μg of either (a) the protease expression cassette comprising the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) or (b) the protease expression cassette comprising the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40) and the pRF793 plasmid (SEQ ID NO: 34) described in Example 1, was amplified using rolling circle amplification (Syngis) for eighteen (18) hours according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cell/DNA transformation mixes were plated onto L-broth (miller) containing ten (10) μg/mL kanamycin, 1.6% (w/v) skim milk and solidified with 1.5% (w/v) agar. Colonies were allowed to form at 37° C.

Colonies that grew on L agar containing kanamycin and skim milk, and produced a visible clearing zone in the area adjacent to the colonies (i.e., indicative of proteolytic activity), were picked and streaked onto agar plates containing 1.6% (w/v) skim milk. A colony containing the protease expression cassette with the native rrnIp2 promoter was stored and named strain “SS066”. A colony containing the protease expression cassette with the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter was stored and named strain “SS065”.

Example 3 Protease Expression Under the Control of a Modified Promoter in Bacillus Cells

In the present example two (2) Bacillus cells (i.e., strains SS066 and SS065) comprising protease expression cassettes with either the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) or the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40) were assessed for protease production under small scale conditions. The two strains were streak purified on L agar plates containing 1.6% (w/v) skim milk and grown for approximately twenty-four (24) hours at 37° C. A single halo positive colony was inoculated into 25 ml of L Broth (1% w·v⁻¹ Tryptone, 0.5% Yeast extract w·v⁻¹, 1% NaCl w·v⁻¹) and grown at 37° C. (250 RPM) for five (5) hours. This pre-culture was diluted to 0.2 (OD₆₀₀ units) into 25 ml of MPS2 medium (10% w·v⁻¹ 10×MOPS based medium (8.4% w·v⁻¹ MOPS, 2.9% w·v⁻¹ Sodium Chloride, 1.2% w·v⁻¹ Potassium Hydroxide, 1% w·v⁻¹ Potassium Sulfate, 15 w·v¹ Magnesium Chloride, 0.7% w·v⁻¹ Tricine); 10% w·v⁻¹ Maltrin M150, 10% w·v⁻¹ micronutrients; 6% w·v⁻¹ soytone, 0.78% w·v¹ Dipotassium phosphate, 0.3% w·v⁻¹ urea, 0.2% Monopotassium phosphate, pH7.4 with Potassium hydroxide) and grown at 37° C. (250 RPM). The micronutrients were made up as a 100× stock solution in one (1) liter, 400 mg FeSO₄ 7H₂O, 100 mg MnSO₄H₂O, 100 mg ZnSO₄ 7H₂O, 50 mg CuCl₂ 2H₂O, 100 mg CoCl₂ 6H₂O, 100 mg NaMoO₄ 2H₂O, 100 mg Na₂B₄O₇ 10H₂O, 10 ml of 1M CaCl₂, and 10 ml of 0.5 M sodium citrate. After forty (40) hours for growth, the protease concentration in the whole cell broth was determined using the suc-AAPF-pNA assay.

For example, the suc-AAPF-pNA protease assay involves incubating the whole culture broth with a chromogenic peptide substrate under defined conditions and measuring the color development. The substrate is N-succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Pro-L-Phe-p-nitroanilide (suc-AAPF-pNA). Upon hydrolysis of the peptide substrate by the protease, the 4-nitroanilide is cleaved and yields 4-nitroaniline, which is a yellow chromophore. Thus, the absorbance at 405 nm is measured and directly correlates to the level of protease in the analyzed sample. The equipment used for this set of assays includes a SpectraMAX MTP Reader (type 340-Molecular Devices). More particularly, in this assay system, the reagent and solutions used were: (1) N-succinyl-L-Ala-L-Ala-L-Pro-L-Phe-p-nitroanilide (Sigma); (2) Dilution buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.005% TWEEN® 80 buffer, pH 8.6; and (3) Tris buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl, 0.005% TWEEN® 80 buffer, pH 8.6.

Thus, a vial containing 100 mg of the suc-AAPF-pNA substrate was dissolved in one (1) ml of DMSO and a one (1) mg/ml working stock was made by adding one (1) ml of suc-AAPF-pNA to 100 mL of Tris buffer. The protease samples (whole cell broth) were diluted 1000× with dilution buffer. The assay was performed by adding ten (10) μl of diluted protease solution into the wells of a MTP, followed by the addition of one hundred and ninety (190) μl of the 1 mg/ml working suc-AAPF-pNA substrate solution. The solutions were mixed, and the absorbance was read at (λ) 405 nm in an MTP-Reader. A non-protease control was used to correct for background absorbance values. To calculate the protease concentration (mg/L), a dilution series of purified (variant) protease was used as a standard (control sample) and incorporated into the experiment. The relative protease activities are presented below in TABLE 5, showing the (normalized) relative protease expression of the SS065 cells (comprising the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter) relative to the SS066 cells (comprising the native rrnIp2 promoter), demonstrating an approximately 2-fold increase in protease activity.

TABLE 5 SMALL SCALE PRODUCTION OF PROTEASE Relative B. subtilis cells Promoter expression ± SEM SS066 Native rrnIp2 1.00 ± 0.07 SS065 Variant rrnIp2-1 2.09 ± 0.08

Example 4 Introducing Heterologous Amylase Expression Cassettes into Bacillus Cells

In the present example, a (heterologous) α-amylase expression cassette was introduced into parental B. licheniformis cells. More specifically, the α-amylase expression cassettes set forth below were introduced into B. licheniformis cells, wherein the cells comprised either (a) an expression cassette under the control of the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) or (b) an expression cassette under the control of the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40). Thus, in the instant example, B. licheniformis cells comprising a plasmid carrying a xylose-inducible comK expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 43) were grown overnight at 37° C. and 250 RPM in fifteen (15) ml of L broth (1% (w/v) tryptone, 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) NaCl), containing one hundred (100) μg/ml spectinomycin dihydrochloride in a one hundred twenty-five (125) ml baffle flask. The overnight culture was diluted to 0.7 (OD₆₀₀ units) in 25 ml fresh L broth containing one hundred (100) μg/ml spectinomycin dihydrochloride in a two hundred fifty (250) ml baffle flask. Cells were grown for one (1) hour at 37° C. and 250 RPM. D-xylose was added to 0.1% (w/v) from a 25% (w/v) stock, and the cells were grown for an additional four (4) hours at 37° C. and 250 RPM. Cells were pelleted at 1700·g for seven (7) minutes. The cells were resuspended in one fourth (¼) volume of original culture using spent medium. One hundred (100) μl of concentrated cells were mixed with approximately one (1) μg of either (a) the native rrnIp2 promoter expression construct (SEQ ID NO: 44) or (b) the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter expression construct (SEQ ID NO: 45).

For example, each cassette comprises (in the 5′ to 3′ direction) the same 5′ lysA locus homology ARM (SEQ ID NO: 46), either the native rrnIp2 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 39) or the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (SEQ ID NO: 40) operably linked to a modified aprE 5′-UTR (SEQ ID NO: 47). More particularly, the modified aprE 5′-UTR of SEQ ID NO: 47 is further described in International PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/049470 (filed Sep. 5, 2018; incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). In addition, the modified 5′-UTR was operably linked to a DNA sequence encoding the lat signal sequence (SEQ ID NO: 48), followed by a DNA sequence encoding a (variant) Cytophaga sp. α-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 49) which was operably linked to the lat terminator sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50), which was linked to the 3′ lysA locus homology ARM (SEQ ID NO: 51).

Transformation reactions were incubated at 37° C. 1400 RPM for ninety (90) minutes. Cells were washed twice in 1% (w/v) KCl and plated on TSS agar (50 mM Tris, 37 mM NH₄Cl, 1.5 mM K₂HPO₄.3H₂O pH 7.4, 0.5% (w/v) dextrose, 1 mM MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.004% (w/v) FeCl₃, 0.004% (w/v) trisodium citrate) containing 1% (w/v) insoluble starch. Transformants were recovered at 37° C.

Halo positive transformants for the rrnIp2_α-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 44) and the rrnIp2-1_α-amylase (SEQ ID NO: 45) expression cassettes were streak purified on L agar containing 1% (w/v) insoluble starch to purify single colonies. The sequence of the expression cassette in purified halo-positive colonies was determined by amplifying the expression cassette using standard PCR techniques, using the primers set forth in TABLE 6.

TABLE 6 FORWARD AND REVERSE PRIMER PAIR lysA-F GATTTGGGATTTGGAAATCC SEQ ID NO: 52 lysA-R CAACACATTGCTTCAGGC SEQ ID NO: 53

PCR products were sanger sequenced using standard techniques to verify the sequence of the expression cassette using the primers set forth in TABLE 7.

TABLE 7 SEQUENCING PRIMERS 1032 TCAGAGAGAGACGTATGAGG SEQ ID NO: 54 1033 GCATGGACAGGCTTCAACTT SEQ ID NO: 55 1034 GGATGTCATTGGCTGGACGA SEQ ID NO: 56 1035 TCTACTCCGCCTCTAAATCC SEQ ID NO: 57

A colony with a sequence verified cassette of the rrnIp2_α-amylase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 44) was stored and named “BF399” and a colony with a sequence verified cassette of the rrnIp2-1_α-amylase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 45) was stored and named “BF401”.

Example 5 Heterologous Amylase Production in Bacillus Cells Comprising Amylase Expression Cassettes

In the present example Applicant assayed Bacillus strains comprising the α-amylase expression cassettes described in Example 4. Thus, as presented below in TABLE 8, the native rrnIp2 promoter (i.e., the rrnIp2_α-amylase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 44) and the modified rrnIp2-1 promoter (i.e., the rrnIp2-1_α-amylase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 45) were tested for production of α-amylase to determine the influence these different promoters have on such heterologous protein production.

TABLE 8 STRAINS USED IN ASSAY FOR α-AMYLASE PRODUCTION Expression Strain cassette SEQ ID NO BF399 rrnIp2_α-amylase SEQ ID NO: 44 BF401 rrnIp2-1_α-amylase SEQ ID NO: 45

Strains were streaked on L broth (1% (w/v) tryptone, 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) NaCl) solidified with 1.5% (w/v) Bacto Agar containing 1% (w/v) insoluble starch and grown at 37° C. for 24 hours. A single colony was inoculated in 4 independent TSB (2% (w/v) non-animal origin peptone, 0.25% (w/v) dextrose, 0.5% (w/v) NaCl, 0.25% (w/v) K₂HPO₄). Cultures were grown at 37° C., 250 RPM and 80% humidity for twenty-four (24) hours. Cultures were pelleted at 4000 RPM for seven (7) minutes. Ten (10) μl of each clarified culture supernatant was measured for total protein production using the method of Bradford in duplicate, using a bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard. The relative amylase production for each strain was determined by performance relative to the strain comprising the rrnIp2_α-amylase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 44). More particularly, the relative production of the strains comprising either the native (promoter) rrnIp2_α-amylase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 44) or the modified (promoter) rrnIp2-1_α-amylase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 45) are shown below in TABLE 9, which data demonstrate that the strains comprising the modified rrnIp2-1_α-amylase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 45) produce on average 30% more amylase than strains comprising the native rrnIp2_α-amylase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 44).

TABLE 9 RELATIVE AMYLASE PRODUCTION OF STRAINS COMPRISING A SINGLE COPY OF rrnIp2_(—) α-AMYLASE CASSETTE OR rrnIp2-1_(—) α-AMYLASE CASSETTE Expression Relative protein Strain Cassette SEQ ID NO production ± SEM BF399 rrnIp2_α-amylase SEQ ID NO: 44 1.00 ± 0.06 cassette BF400 rrnIp2-1_α-amylase SEQ ID NO: 45 1.33 ± 0.03 cassette

Example 6 Introducing Heterologous Pullulanase Expression Cassettes into Bacillus Cells

In the present example, a heterologous (truncated) pullulanase expression cassette was introduced into B. licheniformis cells. More specifically, the truncated pullulanase expression cassettes set forth below were introduced into B. licheniformis cells, wherein the cells comprised either (a) an expression cassette under the control of the native B. licheniformis amyL promoter region (i.e., PamyL-1; SEQ ID NO: 64), (b) an expression cassette under the control of modified promoter region PamyL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 65), (c) an expression cassette under the control of modified promoter region PamyL-3; (SEQ ID NO: 66) or (d) an expression cassette under the control of modified promoter region PamyL-4 (SEQ ID NO: 67).

Thus, in the instant example, B. licheniformis cells comprising a plasmid carrying a xylose-inducible comK expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 43) were grown overnight at 37° C. and 250 RPM in fifteen (15) ml of L broth (1% (w/v) tryptone, 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) NaCl), containing one hundred (100) μg/ml spectinomycin dihydrochloride in a one hundred twenty-five (125) ml baffle flask. The overnight culture was diluted to 0.7 (OD₆₀₀ units) in 25 ml fresh L broth containing one hundred (100) μg/ml spectinomycin dihydrochloride in a two hundred fifty (250) ml baffle flask. Cells were grown for one (1) hour at 37° C. and 250 RPM. D-xylose was added to 0.1% (w/v) from a 25% (w/v) stock, and the cells were grown for an additional four (4) hours at 37° C. and 250 RPM. Cells were pelleted at 1700·g for seven (7) minutes. The cells were resuspended in one fourth (¼) volume of original culture using spent medium. One hundred (100) μl of concentrated cells were mixed with approximately one (1) μg of either the PamyL-1 expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 78), the PamyL-2 expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 79), the PamyL-3 expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 80), or the PamyL-4 expression cassette (SEQ ID NO: 81).

For example, each cassette comprises (in the 5′ to 3′ direction) the same 5′ lysA locus homology ARM (SEQ ID NO: 46), either the native B. licheniformis promoter region PamyL-1 (SEQ ID NO: 64), or one of the modified promoter region sequences PamyL-2 (SEQ ID NO: 65), PamyL-3 (SEQ ID NO: 66), or PamyL-4 (SEQ ID NO: 67) operably linked to a DNA sequence encoding the lat signal sequence (SEQ ID NO: 48), followed by a DNA sequence encoding a mature and truncated B. deramificans pullulanase (SEQ ID NO: 68) which was operably linked to the lat terminator sequence (SEQ ID NO: 50), which was linked to the 3′ lysA locus homology ARM (SEQ ID NO: 51).

Transformation reactions were incubated at 37° C. 1400 RPM for ninety (90) minutes. Cells were washed twice in 1% (w/v) KCl and plated on Minimal agar (50 mM Tris, 37 mM NH₄Cl, 1.5 mM K₂HPO₄.3H₂O pH 7.4, 0.5% (w/v) dextrose, 1 mM MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.004% (w/v) FeCl₃, 0.004% (w/v) trisodium citrate) containing 0.5% (w/v) Remazol brilliant blue dyed starch. Transformants were recovered at 37° C.

Transformants for the PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 78), PamyL-2 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 79), PamyL-3 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 80) and PamyL-4 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 81) were streak purified on HI agar to purify single colonies. The sequence of the expression cassette in purified colonies was determined by amplifying the expression cassette using standard PCR techniques, using the primers set forth in TABLE 10.

TABLE 10 FORWARD AND REVERSE PRIMER PAIR 447 CTACAGCATGGCCAACAACTA SEQ ID NO: 69 674 GTCATGATCTTTTTAACAAAAAAC SEQ ID NO: 70

PCR products were sanger sequenced using standard techniques to verify the sequence of the expression cassette using the primers set forth in TABLE 11.

TABLE 11 SEQUENCING PRIMERS 447 CTACAGCATGGCCAACAACTA SEQ ID NO: 69 674 GTCATGATCTTTTTAACAAAAAAC SEQ ID NO: 70 766 GATTGCTGACGCTGTTATTTGC SEQ ID NO: 71 1694 GTAGAAGTTGGTGCCCAGAC SEQ ID NO: 72 1695 GGAATACCTATACACAGAAAGCAAC SEQ ID NO: 73 1697 CATTCGCATTTGTAGCATACTGCC SEQ ID NO: 74 1766 CACGCAAATCTCTGACTTCG SEQ ID NO: 75 1767 CAAGCAGCGCCATTAAGTC SEQ ID NO: 76 1768 GCAACGACAATAGTTATAATG SEQ ID NO: 77

A colony with a sequence verified cassette of the PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 78), PamyL-2 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 79), PamyL-3 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 80) and PamyL-4 pullulanase (SEQ ID NO: 81) expression cassettes were streak purified, stored and named “PamyL-Pulltr.”, “LDN461”, “LDN462”, and “LDN463”, respectively.

Example 7 Heterologous Truncated Pullulanase Production in Bacillus Cells Comprising Truncated Pullulanase Expression Cassettes

In the present example Applicant assayed Bacillus strains comprising the truncated pullulanase expression cassettes described in Example 6. Thus, as presented below in TABLE 12, the PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 78) and the PamyL-2 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 79) were tested for production of (truncated) pullulanase to determine the influence these different promoters and 5′-UTRs have on such heterologous pullulanase protein production.

TABLE 12 STRAINS USED IN ASSAY FOR TRUNCATED PULLULANASE PRODUCTION Expression Strain cassette SEQ ID NO PamyL-Pulltr. PamyL-1 SEQ ID NO: 78 pullulanase LDN461 PamyL-2 SEQ ID NO: 79 pullulanase

Likewise, as presented below in TABLE 13, the PamyL-3 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 80) and the PamyL-4 pullulanase cassette (SEQ ID NO: 81) were tested for production of (truncated) pullulanase to determine the influence these different promoters and 5′-UTRs have on such heterologous pullulanase protein production.

TABLE 13 STRAINS USED IN ASSAY FOR TRUNCATED PULLULANASE PRODUCTION Expression Strain cassette SEQ ID NO LDN462 PamyL-3 SEQ ID NO: 80 pullulanase LDN463 PamyL-4 SEQ ID NO: 81 pullulanase

Strains were streaked on L broth (1% (w/v) tryptone, 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 1% (w/v) NaCl) solidified with 1.5% (w/v) Bacto Agar and grown at 37° C. for 24 hours. Three colonies were inoculated in TSB (2% (w/v), grown overnight at 37° C., 250 RPM, and 1:10 (v/v) transferred to non-defined MOPS buffer based media, and incubated for 68 hours, at 37° C., 250 RPM. Cultures were harvested and directly used to measure for total protein production using the method of Megazyme (PULLULANASE/LIMIT-DEXTRINASE ASSAY PROCEDURE (PullG6 METHOD)).

The relative (truncated) pullulanase production for strain LDN461 (PamyL-2 pullulanase; SEQ ID NO: 79) was determined by performance relative to strain PamyL-Pulltr (PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 78). More particularly, the relative production of the PamyL-Pulltr strain (PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 78) and the LDN461 strain (PamyL-2 pullulanase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 79) are shown below in TABLE 14, which data demonstrate that the LDN461 strain produces on average 78% more pullulanase than the PamyL-Pulltr. strain (PamyL-1 pullulanase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 78).

TABLE 14 RELATIVE PULLULANASE PRODUCTION OF STRAINS COMPRISING A SINGLE COPY OF PamyL-1 PULLULANASE CASSETTE OR PamyL-2 PULLULANASE CASSETTE Expression Relative protein Strain Cassette SEQ ID NO production ± SEM PamyL-Pulltr. PamyL-1 SEQ ID NO: 78 1.00 ± 0.05 pullulanase LDN461 PamyL-2 SEQ ID NO: 79 1.78 ± 0.05 pullulanase

Likewise, the relative (truncated) pullulanase production for strain LDN463 (PamyL-4 pullulanase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 81) was determined by performance relative to strain LDN462 (PamyL-3 pullulanase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 80), wherein the relative production of the strains are shown below in TABLE 15, which data demonstrate that the LDN463 strain (PamyL-4 pullulanase cassette) produces on average 16% more (truncated) pullulanase than the LDN462 strain (PamyL-3 pullulanase cassette; SEQ ID NO: 80).

TABLE 15 RELATIVE TRUNCATED PULLULANASE PRODUCTION OF STRAINS COMPRISING A SINGLE COPY OF PamyL-3 PULLULANASE CASSETTE OR PamyL-4 PULLULANASE CASSETTE Expression Relative protein Strain Cassette SEQ ID NO production ± SEM LDN462 PamyL-3 SEQ ID NO: 80 1.00 ± 0.03 pullulanase LDN463 PamyL-4 SEQ ID NO: 81 1.16 ± 0.07 pullulanase

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1. A promoter sequence comprising at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 39 and comprising at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO:
 39. 2. The promoter of claim 1, comprising two to four mutations selected from the group consisting a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO:
 39. 3-4. (canceled)
 5. The promoter of claim 1, comprising a gene or open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of interest (POI) positioned downstream (3′) and operably linked to the promoter. 6-12. (canceled)
 13. The promoter of claim 1, wherein the POI is an enzyme.
 14. (canceled)
 15. A modified Bacillus sp. cell comprising a promoter of claim
 1. 16-19. (canceled)
 20. A promoter region nucleic acid sequence comprising an (5′) upstream promoter sequence operably linked to a (3′) downstream 5′-UTR sequence, wherein the promoter sequence comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 82 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 82, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 82 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO:
 82. 21. The promoter region nucleic acid sequence of claim 20, wherein the 5′-UTR sequence is a native amyL 5′-UTR sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84, a variant amyL 5′-UTR sequence thereof, or a native aprE 5′-UTR sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85, or a variant aprE 5′-UTR sequence thereof. 22-25. (canceled)
 26. A modified B. licheniformis amyL promoter derived from a native B. licheniformis amyL promoter comprising a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82, wherein the modified promoter comprises at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 82 and comprises a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 72 of SEQ ID NO: 82, a guanine (G) at nucleotide position 73 of SEQ ID NO: 82 and a thymine (T) at nucleotide position 74 of SEQ ID NO:
 82. 27-34. (canceled)
 35. A method for enhanced protein production in a modified Bacillus sp. cell comprising: (a) introducing an expression cassette into a parental Bacillus sp. cell, wherein the cassette comprises a promoter positioned upstream (5′) and operably linked to a gene coding sequence (CDS) encoding a protein of interest (POI), wherein the promoter comprises at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 39 and comprises at least one modification selected from the group consisting of a T at nucleotide position 30 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a T at nucleotide position 89 of SEQ ID NO: 39, a G at nucleotide position 90 of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a T at nucleotide position 91 of SEQ ID NO: 39, and (b) fermenting the modified cell under suitable conditions for the production of the POI, wherein the modified cell produces an increased amount of the POI relative to control Bacillus sp. cell comprising a polynucleotide expression cassette comprising a promoter sequence positioned upstream (5′) and operably linked to the same gene CDS encoding the same POI, wherein the promoter comprises SEQ ID NO:
 39. 36-40. (canceled) 